Novel cyclosporin derivatives and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a compound of the Formula (I)): 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the symbols are as defined in the specification; a pharmaceutical composition comprising the same, a method for treating or preventing viral infections, inflammation, dry eye, central nervous disorders, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, obesity, diabetes, muscular dystrophy, and hair loss.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent application is a continuation-in-part of International Application No. PCT/US2011/063295, filed Dec. 5, 2011, which claims priority to U.S. Application Ser. No. 61/419,326, filed Dec. 3, 2010; this patent application also claims priority to U.S. Application Ser. Nos. 61/655,236, filed Jun. 4, 2012; 61/684,928, filed Aug. 20, 2012; and the entire contents of each of the foregoing applications are hereby incorporated by reference herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to novel cyclosporine derivatives, their pharmaceutical compositions comprising the same, and methods for treating or preventing viral infections, inflammation, dry eye, central nervous disorders, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, obesity, diabetes, muscular dystrophy, and hair loss.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Cyclosporins in nature are poly-N-methyl, cyclic undecapeptides, isolated from fungi. Cyclosporin A has an immunosuppressive activity and has been used for almost 30 years to prevent rejection in kidney, heart and liver transplant recipients. It possesses anti-inflammatory properties and has been used for treating severe rheumatoid arthritis, severe psoriasis, Behget's uveitis, and dry eye disease. In addition, it is useful for treating severe ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, alopecia greata, aplastic anemia, HSV-1 stromal keratitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and severe lupus nephritis. However, its strong immunosuppressive activity limits its applications in many diseases.

The anti-HIV activity of cyclosporin A was first discovered in 1986 and has been continually studied since then (Klatzmann, D., et al., 1986, C R Acad. Sci. III, 303(9):343-8; Wainberg, M. A., et al., 1988, Blood, 72, 1904-10; Luban, J., et al., 1993, Cell, 73, 1067-1078; each of which is incorporated herein by reference). Its non-immunosuppressive derivative, NIM-811, was reported to have potent anti HIV activity due to its ability to inhibit cyclophilin A (Franke, E. K., et al., 1994, Nature, 372, 359-362; Thali, M., et al., 1994, Nature, 372, 363-365; Gamble, T. R., et al., 1996, Cell, 87, 1157-1159; Rosenwirth B., et al., 1994, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 38, 1763-1772; each of which is incorporated herein by reference).

Cyclosporin A and its non-immunosuppressive derivatives, as such as NIM-811 (N-MeIle-4-Cyclosporin), Debio-025, and SCY-635, bind and inhibit cyclophilins; cyclophilins interact with HCV protein NS5A and NS5B and stimulate its RNA-binding activity. As a result, these compounds have an effective anti-HCV activity (Watashi, K., et al., 2007, Rev. Med. Virol., 17:245-252.37; Inoue, K., et al., 2001, Nippon Rinsho., 59, 1326-30; Inoue, K., et al., 2003, J. Gastroenterol., 38, 567-72; Watashi, K., et al., 2003, Hepatology, 38, 1282-8; Gaither, L. A., et al., 2010, Virology, 397, 43-55; each of which is incorporated herein by reference). Currently, NIM-811, Debio-025, and SCY-635 are undergoing clinical trials for treating HCV.

NIM-811 and Debio-025 have a chemical structure similar to cyclosporine A and possess a poor pharmacokinetic profile. In addition, they are metabolized by P450 for inducing drug interactions (Lill, J., et al., 2000, Am J Health-Syst Pharm 57, 1579; incorporated herein by reference).

SCY-635 has an improved pharmacokinetic profile and low blood serum binding. In addition, it has a low potential for drug-drug interactions. SCY-635's in vitro anti-HCV activity (EC₅₀) was reported to be 0.10 μM (Hopkins, S. et al., 2010, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 54, 660-672, incorporated herein by reference). However, SCY-635 is not chemically stable, as it is easily converted to its diastereoisomer by epimerization. Its diasteroisomer is expected to have poor binding activity with cyclophilins, and as a result, its anti-viral activity in vivo may be affected (See, e.g., WO2012/009715, WO2012/021796, and WO2012/075494, each of which incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).

Cyclosporin A and its non-immunosuppressive derivatives were also found to possess anti-HBV activity through the inhibition of cyclophilins (Chokshi, S., et al., 2012, Gut 61:A11; Chokshi, S., et al., 2012, Poster Presentations, 47th Annual Meeting of the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL 2012), Barcelona, Spain; Chokshi, S., et al., 2011, Abstract 190 (Poster Presentations), 46th Annual Meeting of the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL 2011), Berlin, March 30-April 3; Tian, X. C., et al., 2010, J. Virol., 84, 3373-3381; Xia, W. L., et al., 2004, Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int., 4, 18-22; Michael, J., et al., 2003, J. Virol., 77, 7713-7719; each of which is incorporated herein by reference).

Furthermore, cyclophilins were reported to regulate the life cycle and pathogenesis of several viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, vaccinia virus, and herpes simplex virus (Castro, A. P., et al., 2003, J. Virol., 77, 9052-9068; Chen, Z., L., et al., 2005, J. Infect. Dis. 191(5):755-760; Arai, C., et al., Nihon Rinsho Meneki Gakkai Kaishi., 35(1), 87-91; Labetoulle, M., 2012, J Fr Ophtalmol., 35(4), 292-307; De Clercq, E., 2008, Expert Opin Emerg Drugs., 13(3):393-416; Vahlne, A., 1992, Arch Virol., 122(1-2):61-75; each of which is incorporated herein by reference). Cyclosporin A and its non-immunosuppressive derivatives also possess such anti viral-activities.

N-MeVal-4-Cyclosporin (SDZ 220-384), another non-immunosuppressive cyclosporine derivative, was reported to have similar biological activities to that of NIM-811 (Fliri, H., et al., 1993, Ann. N Y Acad. Sci. 696, 47-53; Zenke, G., et al., 1993, Ann N Y Acad. Sci. 23; 685:330-5).

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a small (55-65 nm in size), enveloped, positive sense single strand RNA virus in the Flaviviridae family. HCV has a high rate of replication and an exceptionally high mutation rate. About 80% of people infected with HCV develop chronic, persistent infection. More than 4 million Americans have been infected with HCV and more than 200 million people are estimated to be infected chronically worldwide. About 35,000 new cases of hepatitis C are estimated to occur in the United States each year. HCV infection is responsible for about 50% of all chronic liver disease, 30% of all liver transplants, and 30% of all cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease, and liver cancer in the U.S. The peg-interferon and ribavirin combination is the standard treatment for chronic hepatitis C, but it has low efficacy against HCV infection. Recently, the FDA has approved Vertex's Incivek (telaprevir) and Merck's Victrelis (boceprevir) as an add-on to the current interferon/ribavirin therapy for treating HCV. Both drugs are HCV protease inhibitors that target the virus to prevent its replication. However, due to HCV's fast mutation rate, drug resistance can be developed in a short period of time. Thus, there exists a need for an effective therapeutic for HCV treatment.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a 42 nm partially double stranded DNA virus composed of a 27 nm nucleocapsid core (HBcAg) that is surrounded by an outer lipoprotein envelope containing the surface antigen (HBsAg). More than 2 billion people have been infected, and there are 350 million chronic carriers of the virus. The disease has caused epidemics in parts of Asia and Africa. Chronic hepatitis B will cause liver cirrhosis and liver cancer, a fatal disease with a very poor response to current chemotherapies. The infection is preventable by vaccination, and HBV load and replication can be reduced by current antiviral drugs, such as lamivudine (Epivir), adefovir (Hepsera), tenofovir (Viread), telbivudine (Tyzeka), entecavir (Baraclude), and the two immune system modulators interferon alpha-2a and PEGylated interferon alpha-2a (Pegasys). However, none of the available drugs can clear the infection. There remains a need for an effective therapeutic to treat HBV infection.

The non-immunosuppressive cyclosporin derivatives bind to cyclophilins, a family of host proteins that catalyze cis-trans peptidyl-prolyl isomerization in protein folding and regulation, which are crucial for the processing and maturation of the viral proteins for viral replication. HIV and HCV are viruses with a high mutation rate. All current anti-viral drugs target the virus itself; when the virus mutates, it leads to the development of drug resistance. Instead of directly targeting the virus, targeting host cofactors (cyclophilins) will be slow down the development of drug resistance due to a higher genetic barrier (Rosenwirth, B., et al., 1994, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 38, 1763-1772; Tang, H. L. et al., 2010, Viruses, 2, 1621-1634; Hopkins, S. et al., 2010, Oral Presentation, Scynexis's SCY-635 Demonstrates Impressive Barrier to Resistance in HCV Treatment, the 45th Annual Meeting of the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL 2010), Vienna, Austria, April 14-18; each of which is incorporated herein by reference). Cyclosporine derivatives affect a new target, cyclophilins, and therefore represent a new mechanism of action against viruses.

There are 17 cyclophilins in the human genome, but the functions of these cyclophilin isoforms are still unclear (Davis, T. L., et al., 2010, PLoS Biol. 8(7):e1000439; incorporated herein by reference). Cyclophilin A, B, C, D, and other such isoforms play an important role in the pathophysiology of a number of serious diseases, such as cancer (Campa, M J., et al., 2003, Cancer Res., 63(7), 1652-6; Li, M., et al., 2006, Cancer, 106: 2284-94; Yang, H., et al., 2007, Biochem Biophys Res Commun., 361(3):763-7; Obchoei, S., et al., 2009, Med Sci Monit., 15(11), RA221-32; Andersson, Y., et al., 2009, Br J Cancer, 101, 1307-1315; Lee, J., 2010, Arch Pharm Res., 33(2), 181-7; Lee, J., et al., 2010, J Exp Clin Cancer Res., 29:97; Obchoei, S., 2011, Molecular Cancer, 10:102; Takahashi, M., et al., 2012, Oncol Rep., 27(1):198-203; Qian, Z., et al., 2010, BMC Cancer, 12:442; each of which is incorporated herein by reference), inflammations (the result of interactions between a secreted extracellular cyclophilin and CD-147, a surface protein; Yurchenko V., 2005, Immunology, 117(3):301-9; Yurchenko, V., 2010, Clin Exp Immunol., 160(3):305-17; Malesevie, M., 2010, Angew Chem Int Ed Engl., 49(1):213-5; each of which is incorporated herein by reference), rheumatoid arthritis (Wells, G., et al., 2000, Cochrane Database Syst Rev., (2):CD001083; Kim, H., et al., 2005, Clin Immunol., 116(3):217-24; Yang, Y., Rheumatology (Oxford), 47(9):1299-310; Yurchenko, V., et al., 2006, Immunology, 117(3):301-9; Damsker, J. M., 2009, Immunology, 126(1):55-62; Wang, L., et al., 2010, J Clin Immunol., 30(1):24-33; Billich A., et al., 1997, J Exp Med., 185:975-80; De Ceuninck F., et al., 2003, Arthritis Rheum., 48:2197-206; each of which is incorporated herein by reference), respiratory inflammation (Foda, H. D., et al., 2001, Am J Respir Cell Mol. Biol., 25:717-24; Hasaneen, N. A., et al., FASEB J., 19:1507-9. Yurchenko, V., et al., 2006, Immunology, 117(3):301-9; Gwinn, W. M., 2006, J Immunol., 177(7):4870-9; Onoue, S., 2009, J Control Release., 138(1):16-23; Balsley, M. A., et al., 2010, J Immunol., 185(12):7663-70; Balsley, M., et al., 2010, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 181(1): A6821; Stemmy, E. J., et al., 2011, J. Asthma, 48(10):986-993; Stemmy, E. J., et al., 2011, Am J Respir Cell Mol. Biol., 45(5):991-8; Amin, K., 2012, Respir Med., 106(1):9-14; Onoue, S., 2012, Eur J Pharm Biopharm., 80(1):54-60; each of which is incorporated herein by reference), lupus (Caccavo, D., et al., 1997, Arthritis & Rheumatism, 40(1):27-35; Dostál, C., et al., 1998, Lupus, 7(1):1 29-36; Tam, L S., et al., 1998, Q J Med., 91(8):573-580; Fu, L W., et al., 1998, Rheumatology 37 (2): 217-221; Hallegua, D., et al., 2009, Lupus, 9: 241-251; each of which is incorporated herein by reference), psoriasis (Ellis, C. N., 1991, N Engl J Med., 324, 277-284; Lebwohl, M., et al., 1998, J Am Acad Dermatol., 39(3):464-75; Rosmarin, D M., et al., 2010, J Am Acad Dermatol., 62(5):838-53; each of which is incorporated herein by reference), atopic dermatitis (Naeyaert, J. M., et al., 1999, Dermatology, 198:145-152; Pacor, M L., et al., 2001, Recenti Prog Med., 92(6):390-1; Ricci, G., et al., 2009, Drugs, 69(3):297-306; Simon, D., 2011, Curr Probl Dermatol., 41:156-64; each of which is incorporated herein by reference), dry eye disease (Pflugfelder, S. C., 2004, Am J. Ophthalmol., 137(2), 337-42; Kymionis, G. D., et al 2008, Clin Ophthalmol., 2, 829-836; Kunert, K. S., et al., 2002, Arch Ophthalmol., 120, 330-7; Yavuz, B., et al., 2012, Scientific World Journal. 2012:194848; each of which is incorporated herein by reference), severe Graves' ophthalmopathy (Prummel, M. F., 1989, N Engl J Med., 321(20), 1353-9; incorporated herein by reference), endogenous uveitis (Nussenblatt, R. B., et al., 1991, Am J. Ophthalmol., 112(2), 138-46; which is incorporated herein by reference), Wegener's granulomatosis (Georganas, C., et al., 1996, Clin Rheumatol., 15(2), 189-92; incorporated herein by reference), vernal keratoconjutivitis (Pucci, N., et al., 2002, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol., 89, 298-303; incorporated herein by reference), atopic keratoconjutivitis (Akpek, E. K., et al., 2004, Ophthalmology, 111, 476-82; incorporated herein by reference), ligneous conjutivitis (Rubin, B. I., et al., 1991, Am J. Ophthalmol., 112, 95-96; incorporated herein by reference), conjuctival linchen planus (Levell, N. J., et al., 1992, Br J. Dermatol., 127, 66-7; incorporated herein by reference), and superior limbic keratoconjutivitis (Perry, H. D., et al., 2003, Ophthalmology, 110, 1578-81; incorporated herein by reference), inflammatory bowel disease-Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis (Sandborn, W. J., 1995, Inflamm Bowel Dis. 1:48-63; Shibolet, 0., et al., 2005, Cochrane Database Syst Rev., (1):CD004277; Rufo, P. A., et al., 2006, Paediatr Drugs, 8(5):279-302; Reindl, W., et al., 2007, Gut., 56(7):1019; Hart, A. L., et al., 2010, Aliment Pharmacol Ther., 32(5):615-27; Cheifetz, A. S., et al., 2011, J Clin Gastroenterol., 45(2):107-12; Sharkey, L., 2011, J Crohns Colitis., 5(2):91-4; Fabro, M., et al., 2011, Curr Drug Targets., 12(10):1448-53; Van Assche, G., et al., 2011, Gut., 60(1):130-3; each of which is incorporated herein by reference), NSAID-induced enteropathy (LoGuidice, A., at al., 2010, Toxicol. Sci., 118, 276-285; which is incorporated herein by reference), cardiovascular diseases (including vascular stenosis, atherosclerosis, abdominal aortic aneurysms, aortic rupture, cardiac hypertrophy, pulmonary arterial hypertension, myocarditis and myocardial fibrosis, and ischaemic heart diseases; Jin, Z. G., et al., 2000, Circ Res., 87(9):789-96; Yurchenko, V., et al., 2005, Immunology, 117, 301-309; Suzuki, J., et al., 2006, Circ Res., 98(6):811-7; Satoh, K., et al., 2008, Circulation., 117(24):3088-98; Nishihara, M., et al., 2008, J Mol Cell Cardiol., 44(2):441-442; Satoh, K., et al., 2010, Circ J., 74(11):2249-56; Satoh, K., et al., 2010, Antioxid Redox Signal., 12(5):675-82; Hausenloy, D. J., et al., 2012, Br J Pharmacol. 165(5):1235-45; Coppinger, J. A., et al., 2004, Blood, 103(6):2096-104; Satoh, K., et al., 2010, Antioxid Redox Signal., 1:12(5), 675-682; Nigro, P., et al., 2010, J Exp Med., 208(1):53-66; Wang, W. L., et al., 2011, Med Hypotheses, 77(5):734-8; Hattori, F., 2012, J Mol Cell Cardiol., 53(1):1-2; Seizer P., 2012, J Mol Cell Cardiol., 53(1):6-14; each of which is incorporated herein by reference), and ischaemic brain diseases (Boulos, S., et al., 2007, Neurobiol Dis., 25:54-64; incorporated herein by reference).

Due to cyclophilin inhibition, cyclosporin derivatives also possess the following biological activities: anti-fungal (Kirkland, T. N., et al., 1983, Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 24(6): 921-924; Mody, C. H., et al., 1988, Infect Immun., 56(1): 7-12; Roilides, E., et al., 1994, Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 38(12): 2883-2888; Moussaff, M., et al., 1997, Appl Environ Microbiol., 63(5):1739-43; Cruz, M. C., et al., 2000, Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 44(1):143-9; each of which is incorporated herein by reference), anti-malarial (Nickell, S. P., et al., 1982, Infect Immun., 37(3):1093-100; Murphy, J. R., et al, 1988, Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 32(4):462-6; Marín-Menéndez, A., et al., 2012, Mol Biochem Parasitol., 184(1):44-7; each of which is incorporated herein by reference), and anti-parasitic (including Leishmania donovani, Cryptosporidium parvum, Hymenolepis nana, Toxoplasma, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Schistosome; Chappell, L. H., et al., 1992, Parasitology, 105 Suppl:S25-40; Bell, A., et al., 1996, Gen Pharmacol., 27(6):963-71; Yau, W. L., et al., 2010, PLoS Negl Trop Dis., 4(6):e729; Yurchenko, V., et al., 2008, Int J Parasitol., 38(6):633-9; Perkins, M. E., et al., 1998, Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 42(4):843-8; Matsuzawa, K., et al., 1998, Int J Parasitol., 28(4):579-88; Silverman, J. A., et al., 1997, Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 41(9):1859-66; Búa, J., et al., 2008, Parasitology, 135(2):217-28; Búa, J., et al., 2004, Bioorg Med Chem. Lett., 14(18):4633-7; Bout, D. T, et al., 1984, Am J Trop Med. Hyg., 33(1):185-6; Bout, D., et al., 1986, Infect Immun., 52(3):823-7; Munro, G. H., et al., 1991, Parasitology, 102 Pt 1:57-63; each of which is incorporated herein by reference). In addition, cyclosporin derivatives can promote hair growth (Watanabe, S., et al., 1991, J. Dermatol., (12):714-9; Paus R., et al., 1994, J Invest Dermatol., 103:2, 143-7; Hozumi, Y., et al., 1994, J Dermatol Sci., 7 Suppl: S33-8; Takahashi, T., et al., 2001, J Invest Dermatol., 117(3):605-11; Taylor M., et al., 1993, J Invest Dermatol., 100:3, 237-9; Gafter-Gvili, A., et al., 2004, Arch Dermatol Res., 296(6):265-9; each of which is incorporated herein by reference).

Recent research for Alzheimer's disease indicated that Cyclophilin A is a key target for treating APOE4-mediated neurovascular injury and the resulting neuronal dysfunction and degeneration (Bell, R. D., et al., 2012, Nature, 485(7399):512-6; Bell, R. D., et al., 2009, Acta Neuropathol., 118(1):103-13; each of which is incorporated herein by reference).

Due to the function of extracellular cyclophilins, it is necessary to emphasize that the special target of a secreted extracellular cyclophilin using a cell-impermeable derivative of cyclosporine will be very effective in reducing inflammation for diseases such as respiratory inflammation and cardiovascular diseases (Yurchenko V., 2005, Immunology, 117(3):301-9; Yurchenko, V., 2010, Clin Exp Immunol., 160(3):305-17; Malesević, M., 2010, Angew Chem Int Ed Engl., 49(1):213-5; Balsley, M. A., et al., 2010, J Immunol., 185(12):7663-70; Balsley, M., et al., 2010, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 181(1): A6821; Satoh, K., et al., 2010, Circ J., 74(11):2249-56; each of which is incorporated herein by reference).

Cyclophilin D (CypD) is very important for mitochondrial related neuro and cardiovascular functions because it is an integral part of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). Unregulated opening of the mPTP can lead to mitochondrial swelling and cell death. Thus, the CypD-mediated mPTP is directly linked to a new pharmacologic treatment strategy for many neuro and cardiovascular diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, ALS, aging, heart failure, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, epilepticus, stroke, ischemia-reperfusion injury in the brain, heart, kidney, and particularly in myocardial infarction. The CypD-mediated mPTP is also linked to a new treatment strategy for cancer, obesity, diabetes, and muscular dystrophy (Henry-Mowatt, J., 2004, Oncogene, 23, 2850-60; Galluzzi, L., 2006, Oncogene, 25, 4812-4830; Hirai, K., et al., 2001, J Neurosci., 21, 3017-3023; Friberg, H., et al., 2002, Biochimie, 84, 241-250; Waldmeier, P. C., et al., 2003, Curr Med. Chem., 10, 1485-506; Hansson, M. J., et al., 2004, J Bioenerg Biomembr., 36, 407-13; Sullivan, P. G., et al., 2005, J Neurosci Res., 79, 231-9; Baines, C. P., et al, 2005, Nature 434, 658-662; Shanmuganathan, S., et al, 2005, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol., 289, H237-H242; McBride, H. M., et al., 2006, Curr Biol., 16, R551-560; Mandemakers, W., et al., 2007, J Cell Sci., 120, 1707-1716; Kroemer, G., et al., 2007, Physiol Rev., 87, 99-163; Ibarra, A., et al., 2007, Brain Res., 1149, 200-209; Michelakis, E. D., et al, 2008, Circulation, 117, 2431-2434; Du, H., et al, 2008, Nature Medicine, 14, 1097-1105; Piot C., et al., 2008, N Engl J Med., 359, 473-81; Hatton, J., et al., 2008, J Neurosurg., 109, 699-707; Tatsuta, T., et al., 2008, EMBO J, 27, 306-314; Reutenauer, J., et al., 2008, Br J Pharmacol., 155, 574-84; Mazzeo, A. T., et al., 2009, Exp Neurol., 218, 363-370; Galluzzi, L., et al, 2009, Nature Rev Neurosci., 10, 481-494; Halestrap, A. P., et al., 2009, Biochim Biophys Acta., 1787, 1402-15; Arnett, A. L. H., et al., 2009, Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev., 19, 290-297; Tiepolo, T., et al., 2009, Br J Pharmacol., 157, 1045-1052; Wissing, E. R., et al., 2010, Neuromuscul Disord., 20, 753-60; Halestrap, A. P., et al., 2010, Biochem Soc Trans., 38, 841-860; Cernak, I., et al., 2010, J Cereb Blood Flow Metab., 30, 255-66; Elrod, J. W., et al., 2010, J Clin Invest., 120, 3680-3687; Duchen, M. R., et al., 2010, Essays Biochem., 47, 115-37; Schapira, A. H. V., et al., 2011, Parkinson's Disease, Volume 2011, 1-7 Article ID 159160; Osman, M. M., et al., 2011, Neuropeptides, 45, 359-368; Devalaraja-Narashimha K., et al., 2011, FEES Lett., 585, 677-82; Fujimoto, K., et al., 2010, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 107, 10214-9; Irwin, W. A., et al., 2003, Nat. Genet., 35, 267-271; Angelin, A., et al., 2007, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 104, 991-6; Merlini, L., et al., 2008, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 105, 5225-9; Millay, D. P., 2008, Nat. Med., 14, 442-7; each of which is incorporated herein by reference). Cyclosporine A and its derivatives can block CypD to prevent mitochondrial swelling and cell death, and therefore could be useful for treatment of the aforementioned diseases, for example, as a neuro and cardiovascular protective agent or as a novel mitochondrial medicine.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, suitable methods and materials are described below. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, the present invention provides a compound of Formula (I):

or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

-   R₈ is n-butyl, (E)-but-2-enyl, or

—(CH₂)₄—SR₉, —(CH₂)₄—(C═O)OR₉, or —(CH₂)₃—(C═O)OR₉; each occurrence of R₉ is independently hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)alkyl;

-   R₂ is ethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, isopropyl or n-propyl; -   W is O, S, CH₂ or NR₁; -   R₁ is H, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl,     alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted     cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl or     substituted aryl, or heterocycle or substituted heterocycle; or R₁     and R₃ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached,     form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing from     three to seven ring atoms, which ring may optionally contain another     heteroatom selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen     and sulfur and may be optionally substituted by from one to four     groups which may be the same or different selected from the group     consisting of alkyl, phenyl and benzyl; -   R₃ is H, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl,     alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted     cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, or aryl or     substituted aryl;

and

-   each R₅ is independently H, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or     substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or     substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, or     aryl or substituted aryl.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a compound of Formula (I) as shown above, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

-   R₈ is n-butyl, (E)-but-2-enyl, or

-   —(CH₂)₄—SR₉, —(CH₂)₄—(C═O)OR₉, or —(CH₂)₃—(C═O)OR₉; each occurrence     of R₉ is independently hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)alkyl; -   R₂ is ethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, isopropyl or n-propyl; -   W is O, S, CH₂, or NR₁; -   R₁ is hydrogen;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D)         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (C₁-C₆)alkyl;     -   phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which         may be the same or different selected from halogen,         —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino, alkylamino and         dialkylamino;     -   or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated         containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three         heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from         nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen;     -   or R₁ and R₃ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are         attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring         containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may         optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group         consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally         substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or         different selected from the group consisting of (C₁-C₆)alkyl,         phenyl and benzyl; -   R₃ is:     -   H;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R₄         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups         which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, optionally substituted by one or one or more         groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups         which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino;     -   phenyl or CH₂-phenyl, optionally substituted by one or more         groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl; -   R₇ is

-   R₅ is:     -   H;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R₆         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups         which may be the same or different selected from hydroxy,         (C₁-C₆)alkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A),         O(CH₂)_(m)OH, O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A);     -   (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, optionally substituted by one or one or more         groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups         which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino;     -   phenyl or CH₂-phenyl, optionally substituted by one or more         groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); -   each occurrence of R₄ is independently halogen, hydroxy, aryl (e.g.,     phenyl), O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A),     C(═O)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, C(═O)OR_(A), C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), —NR_(A)R_(B),     —NR_(C)CH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B),     NR_(C)[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)NR_(A)R_(B),     O[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)O]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)OR_(A), OCH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), or     O[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)O]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)NR_(A)R_(B); -   each occurrence of R₆ is independently halogen, hydroxy, aryl (e.g.,     phenyl), S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, SR_(A), OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A),     O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), C(═O)OR_(A), C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B),     NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),     NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), or     NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), wherein said aryl or     phenyl is optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be     the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,     (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B) and     (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); -   each occurrence of R_(A) and R_(B) is independently:     -   hydrogen;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D)         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (C₁-C₆)alkyl;     -   phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which         may be the same or different selected from halogen,         —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino, alkylamino and         dialkylamino;     -   or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated         containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three         heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from         nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen;     -   or R_(A) and R_(B), together with the nitrogen atom to which         they are attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic         ring containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may         optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group         consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally         substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or         different selected from the group consisting of alkyl, phenyl         and benzyl; -   each occurrence of R_(R) is independently hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)alkyl; -   p is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and -   m is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a compound of Formula (I) as shown above, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

-   R₈ is n-butyl, (E)-but-2-enyl, or

—(CH₂)₄—SR₉, —(CH₂)₄—(C═O)OR₉, or —(CH₂)₃—(C═O)OR₉;

-   each occurrence of R₉ is independently hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)alkyl; -   R₂ is ethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, isopropyl or n-propyl; -   W is O, S, CH₂, or NR₁; -   R₁ is hydrogen;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D)         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (C₁-C₆)alkyl;     -   phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which         may be the same or different selected from halogen,         —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino, alkylamino and         dialkylamino;     -   or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated         containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three         heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from         nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen;     -   or R₁ and R₃ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are         attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring         containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may         optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group         consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally         substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or         different selected from the group consisting of (C₁-C₆)alkyl,         phenyl and benzyl; -   R₃ is:     -   H;     -   (C₇-C₁₂)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R₄         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₇-C₁₂)alkenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups         which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino; or     -   (C₇-C₁₂)alkynyl, optionally substituted by one or one or more         groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino; -   R₇ is

-   R₅ is:     -   H;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R₆         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups         which may be the same or different selected from hydroxy,         (C₁-C₆)alkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A),         O(CH₂)_(m)OH, O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A);     -   (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, optionally substituted by one or one or more         groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups         which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino;     -   phenyl or CH₂-phenyl, optionally substituted by one or more         groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); -   each occurrence of R₄ is independently halogen, hydroxy,     (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A),     O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), C(═O)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, C(═O)OR_(A),     C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), —NR_(A)R_(B), —NR_(C)CH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B),     NR_(C)[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)NR_(A)R_(B),     O[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)O]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)OR_(A), OCH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), or     O[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)O]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)NR_(A)R_(B); -   each occurrence of R₆ is independently halogen, hydroxy, aryl (e.g.,     phenyl), S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, SR_(A), OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A),     O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), C(═O)OR_(A), C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B),     NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),     NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), or     NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), wherein said aryl or     phenyl is optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be     the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,     (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B) and     (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); -   each occurrence of R_(A) and R_(B) is independently:     -   hydrogen;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D)         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (C₁-C₆)alkyl;     -   phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which         may be the same or different selected from halogen,         —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino, alkylamino and         dialkylamino;     -   or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated         containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three         heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from         nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen;     -   or R_(A) and R_(B), together with the nitrogen atom to which         they are attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic         ring containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may         optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group         consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally         substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or         different selected from the group consisting of alkyl, phenyl         and benzyl; -   each occurrence of R_(C) is independently hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)alkyl; -   p is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and -   m is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a compound of Formulae (II) through (VI):

or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

-   represents a single bond or double bond;     each W is independently O, S, CH₂, or NR₁;     each R₁ is independently H, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or     substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or     substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl,     aryl or substituted aryl, or heterocycle or substituted heterocycle;     or R₁ and R₃ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are     attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring     containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may optionally     contain another heteroatom selected from the group consisting of     nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally substituted by     from one to four groups which may be the same or different selected     from the group consisting of alkyl, phenyl and benzyl; and     each occurrence of R₃ and R₅ is independently H, alkyl or     substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or     substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl,     cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, or aryl or substituted     aryl.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a compound of Formulae (II) through (VI): as shown above, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

-   each W is independently O, S, CH₂ or NR₁; -   each R₁ is independently hydrogen;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D)         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (C₁-C₆)alkyl;     -   phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which         may be the same or different selected from halogen,         —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino, alkylamino and         dialkylamino;     -   or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated         containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three         heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from         nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen;     -   or R₁ and R₃ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are         attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring         containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may         optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group         consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally         substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or         different selected from the group consisting of (C₁-C₆)alkyl,         phenyl and benzyl; -   each R₃ is independently:     -   H;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R₄         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups         which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A),         (CH₂)_(m)OH, (CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, (CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A);     -   (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, optionally substituted by one or one or more         groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups         which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino;     -   phenyl or CH₂-phenyl, optionally substituted by one or more         groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl; -   each R₅ is independently:     -   H;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R₆         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups         which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A),         (CH₂)_(m)OH, (CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, (CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A);     -   (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, optionally substituted by one or one or more         groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups         which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino; phenyl or         CH₂-phenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which         may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy,         (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); -   each occurrence of R₄ is independently halogen, hydroxy, aryl (e.g.,     phenyl), O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A),     C(═O)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, C(═O)OR_(A), C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), —NR_(A)R_(B),     —NR_(C)CH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B),     NR_(C)[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)NR_(A)R_(B),     O[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)O]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)OR_(A), OCH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), or     O[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)O]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)NR_(A)R_(B); -   each occurrence of R₆ is independently halogen, hydroxy, aryl (e.g.,     phenyl), S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, SR_(A), OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A),     O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), C(═O)OR_(A), C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B),     NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),     NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), or     NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), wherein said aryl or     phenyl is optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be     the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,     (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B) and     (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); -   each occurrence of R_(A) and R_(B) is independently:     -   hydrogen;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D)         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (C₁-C₆)alkyl;     -   phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which         may be the same or different selected from halogen,         —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino, alkylamino and         dialkylamino;     -   or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated         containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three         heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from         nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen;     -   or R_(A) and R_(B), together with the nitrogen atom to which         they are attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic         ring containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may         optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group         consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally         substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or         different selected from the group consisting of alkyl, phenyl         and benzyl;     -   or R_(A) and R_(B), together with the nitrogen atom to which         they are attached, form —N═CH—NR_(F)R_(F′), —N═CMe-NR_(F)R_(F′),         or —NR_(F)C(═NH)NR_(F)R_(F′); -   each occurrence of R_(C) is independently hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)alkyl; -   each occurrence of R_(D) is independently halogen, hydroxy,     O(C₁-C₄)alkyl, C(═O)(C₁-C₄)alkyl, C(═O)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl; -   each occurrence of R_(F) and R_(F′) is independently hydrogen,     (C₁-C₆)alkyl, phenyl, benzyl, or R_(F) and R_(F′), together with the     nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a saturated or     unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing from three to seven ring     atoms, which ring may optionally contain another heteroatom selected     from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be     optionally substituted by from one to four groups which may be the     same or different selected from the group consisting of alkyl,     phenyl and benzyl; -   p is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; -   m is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; and -   n is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a compound of Formulae (II) through (VI) as shown above, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

-   each W is independently O, S, CH₂ or NR₁; -   each R₁ is independently hydrogen;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D)         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (C₁-C₆)alkyl;     -   phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which         may be the same or different selected from halogen,         —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino, alkylamino and         dialkylamino;     -   or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated         containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three         heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from         nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen;     -   or R₁ and R₃ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are         attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring         containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may         optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group         consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally         substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or         different selected from the group consisting of (C₁-C₆)alkyl,         phenyl and benzyl; -   each R₃ is independently:     -   H;     -   (C₇-C₁₂)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R₄         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₇-C₁₂)alkenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups         which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A),         (CH₂)_(m)OH, (CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, (CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); or     -   (C₇-C₁₂)alkynyl, optionally substituted by one or one or more         groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino; -   each R₅ is independently:     -   H;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R₆         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups         which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A),         (CH₂)_(m)OH, (CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, (CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A);     -   (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, optionally substituted by one or one or more         groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups         which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino; or     -   phenyl or CH₂-phenyl, optionally substituted by one or more         groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); -   each occurrence of R₄ is independently halogen, hydroxy,     (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A),     O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), C(═O)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, C(═O)OR_(A),     C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), —NR_(A)R_(B), —NR_(C)CH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B),     NR_(C)[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)NR_(A)R_(B),     O[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)O]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)OR_(A), OCH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), or     O[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)O]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)NR_(A)R_(B); -   each occurrence of R₆ is independently halogen, hydroxy, aryl (e.g.,     phenyl), S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, SR_(A), OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A),     O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), C(═O)OR_(A), C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B),     NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),     NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), or     NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), wherein said aryl or     phenyl is optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be     the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,     (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B) and     (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); -   each occurrence of R_(A) and R_(B) is independently:     -   hydrogen;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D)         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (C₁-C₆)alkyl;     -   phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which         may be the same or different selected from halogen,         —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino, alkylamino and         dialkylamino;     -   or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated         containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three         heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from         nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen;     -   or R_(A) and R_(B), together with the nitrogen atom to which         they are attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic         ring containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may         optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group         consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally         substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or         different selected from the group consisting of alkyl, phenyl         and benzyl;     -   or R_(A) and R_(B), together with the nitrogen atom to which         they are attached, form —N═CH—NR_(F)R_(F′), —N═CMe-NR_(F)R_(F′),         or —NR_(F)C(═NH)NR_(F)R_(F′); -   each occurrence of R_(C) is independently hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)alkyl; -   each occurrence of R_(D) is independently halogen, hydroxy,     O(C₁-C₄)alkyl, C(═O)(C₁-C₄)alkyl, or C(═O)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl; -   each occurrence of R_(F) and R_(F′) is independently hydrogen,     (C₁-C₆)alkyl, phenyl, benzyl, or R_(F) and R_(F′), together with the     nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a saturated or     unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing from three to seven ring     atoms, which ring may optionally contain another heteroatom selected     from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be     optionally substituted by from one to four groups which may be the     same or different selected from the group consisting of alkyl,     phenyl and benzyl; -   p is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; -   m is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; and -   n is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.

In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound as described herein and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method for treating or preventing a viral infection in a mammalian species in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the mammalian species a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound as described herein.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for treating or preventing hepatitis C virus infection in a mammalian species in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the mammalian species a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound as described herein.

In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a method for inhibiting a cyclophilin in a subject in need thereof, which comprises administrating to said subject an effective cyclophilin-inhibiting amount of at least one compound as described herein.

In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a method for treating or preventing diseases that are mediated by cyclophilins in a mammalian species in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the mammalian species a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound as described herein.

In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a method for treating or preventing diseases in a mammalian species in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the mammalian species a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound as described herein, wherein the diseases are selected from inflammation, respiratory inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, and dry eye.

In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a method for treating or preventing diseases in a mammalian species in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the mammalian species a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound as described herein, wherein the diseases are selected from neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's Diseases, and ALS; traumatic brain injury; stroke; and ischemia-reperfusion injury in the brain, heart, and kidney.

In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a method for treating or preventing diseases in a mammalian species in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the mammalian species a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound as described herein, wherein the diseases are selected from cardiovascular diseases, vascular stenosis, atherosclerosis, abdominal aortic aneurysms, cardiac hypertrophy, aortic rupture, pulmonary arterial hypertension, myocarditis and myocardial fibrosis, and ischaemic heart diseases.

In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a method for treating or preventing diseases or conditions in a mammalian species in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the mammalian species a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound as described herein, wherein the diseases or conditions are selected from cancer, obesity, diabetes, muscular dystrophy, and hair loss.

In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a method for treating or preventing diseases or conditions in a mammalian species in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the mammalian species a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound as described herein, wherein the diseases or conditions are selected from allergic conjunctivitis, atopic and vernal keratoconjunctivitis, atopic keratoconjunctivitis, anterior uveitis, Behcet's disease, blepharitis, chronic ocular surface inflammation caused by viral infection, corneal transplant rejection, corneal sensitivity impaired due to surgery on the cornea or other surface of the eye, meibomian gland disease, ptyregia, ocular symptoms of graft versus host disease, ocular allergy, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, Steven Johnson syndrome, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, uveitis, herpes simplex keratitis, ocular rosacea, and Pinguecula.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Definitions

The following are definitions of terms used in the present specification. The initial definition provided for a group or term herein applies to that group or term throughout the present specification individually or as part of another group, unless otherwise indicated.

The terms “alkyl” and “alk” refer to a straight or branched chain alkane (hydrocarbon) radical containing from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Exemplary “alkyl” groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl pentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, heptyl, 4,4-dimethylpentyl, octyl, 2,2,4-trimethylpentyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, and the like. The term “(C₁-C₄)alkyl” refers to a straight or branched chain alkane (hydrocarbon) radical containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, and isobutyl. The term “(C₁-C₆)alkyl” refers to a straight or branched chain alkane (hydrocarbon) radical containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, such as n-hexyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 4-methylpentyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, in addition to those exemplified for “(C₁-C₄)alkyl.” “Substituted alkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted with one or more substituents, preferably 1 to 4 substituents, at any available point of attachment. Exemplary substituents include but are not limited to one or more of the following groups: hydrogen, halogen (e.g., a single halogen substituent or multiple halo substitutents forming, in the latter case, groups such as CF₃ or an alkyl group bearing Cl₃), cyano, nitro, oxo (i.e., ═O), CF₃, OCF₃, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, aryl, OR_(a), SR_(a), S(═O)R_(e), S(═O)₂R_(e), P(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂OR_(e), P(═O)₂OR_(e), NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)S(═O)₂R_(e), NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), C(═O)OR_(d), C(═O)R_(a), C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), OC(═O)R_(a), OC(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)C(═O)OR_(e), NR_(d)C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(d)S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(d)P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)C(═O)R_(a), or NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e), wherein each occurrence of R_(a) is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl; each occurrence of R_(b), R_(c) and R_(d) is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, or said R_(b) and R_(c) together with the N to which they are bonded optionally form a heterocycle; and each occurrence of R_(e) is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl. In the aforementioned exemplary substitutents, groups such as alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycle and aryl can themselves be optionally substituted.

The term “alkenyl” refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon radical containing from 2 to 12 carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Exemplaries of such groups include ethenyl or allyl. The term “C₂-C₆ alkenyl” refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon radical containing from 2 to 6 carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond, such as ethylenyl, propenyl, 2-propenyl, (E)-but-2-enyl, (Z)-but-2-enyl, 2-methy(E)-but-2-enyl, 2-methy(Z)-but-2-enyl, 2,3-dimethyl-but-2-enyl, (Z)-pent-2-enyl, (E)-pent-1-enyl, (Z)-hex-1-enyl, (E)-pent-2-enyl, (Z)-hex-2-enyl, (E)-hex-2-enyl, (Z)-hex-1-enyl, (E)-hex-1-enyl, (Z)-hex-3-enyl, (E)-hex-3-enyl, and (E)-hex-1,3-dienyl. “Substituted alkenyl” refers to an alkenyl group substituted with one or more substituents, preferably 1 to 4 substituents, at any available point of attachment. Exemplary substituents include but are not limited to one or more of the following groups: hydrogen, halogen (e.g., a single halogen substituent or multiple halo substitutents forming, in the latter case, groups such as CF₃ or an alkyl group bearing Cl₃), cyano, nitro, oxo (i.e., ═O), CF₃, OCF3, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, aryl, OR_(a), SR_(a), S(═O)R_(e), S(═O)₂R_(e), P(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂OR_(e), P(═O)₂OR_(e), NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)S(═O)₂R_(e), NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), C(═O)OR_(d), C(═O)R_(a), C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), OC(═O)R_(a), OC(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)C(═O)OR_(e), NR_(d)C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(d)S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(d)P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)C(═O)R_(a), or NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e), wherein each occurrence of R_(a) is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl; each occurrence of R_(b), R_(c) and R_(d) is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, or said R_(b) and R_(c) together with the N to which they are bonded optionally form a heterocycle; and each occurrence of R_(e) is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl. The exemplary substitutents can themselves be optionally substituted.

The term “alkynyl” refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon radical containing from 2 to 12 carbon atoms and at least one carbon to carbon triple bond. An exemplary of such groups includes ethynyl. The term “C₂-C₆ alkynyl” refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon radical containing from 2 to 6 carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon triple bond, such as ethynyl, prop-1-ynyl, prop-2-ynyl, but-1-ynyl, but-2-ynyl, pent-1-ynyl, pent-2-ynyl, hex-1-ynyl, hex-2-ynyl, hex-3-ynyl. “Substituted alkynyl” refers to an alkynyl group substituted with one or more substituents, preferably 1 to 4 substituents, at any available point of attachment. Exemplary substituents include but are not limited to one or more of the following groups: hydrogen, halogen (e.g., a single halogen substituent or multiple halo substitutents forming, in the latter case, groups such as CF₃ or an alkyl group bearing Cl₃), cyano, nitro, oxo (i.e., ═O), CF₃, OCF3, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, aryl, OR_(a), SR_(a), S(═O)R_(e), S(═O)₂R_(e), P(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂OR_(e), P(═O)₂OR_(e), NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)S(═O)₂R_(e), NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), C(═O)OR_(d), C(═O)R_(a), C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), OC(═O)R_(a), OC(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)C(═O)OR_(e), NR_(d)C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(d)S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(d)P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(o) NR_(b)C(═O)R_(a), or NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e), wherein each occurrence of R_(a) is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl; each occurrence of R_(b), R_(c) and R_(d) is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, or said R_(b) and R_(c) together with the N to which they are bonded optionally form a heterocycle; and each occurrence of R_(e) is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl. The exemplary substitutents can themselves be optionally substituted.

The term “cycloalkyl” refers to a fully saturated cyclic hydrocarbon group containing from 1 to 4 rings and 3 to 8 carbons per ring. “C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl” refers to cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl. “Substituted cycloalkyl” refers to a cycloalkyl group substituted with one or more substituents, preferably 1 to 4 substituents, at any available point of attachment. Exemplary substituents include but are not limited to one or more of the following groups: hydrogen, halogen (e.g., a single halogen substituent or multiple halo substitutents forming, in the latter case, groups such as CF₃ or an alkyl group bearing Cl₃), cyano, nitro, oxo (i.e., ═O), CF₃, OCF3, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, aryl, OR_(a), SR_(a), S(═O)R_(e), S(═O)₂R_(e), P(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂OR_(e), P(═O)₂OR_(e), NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)S(═O)₂R_(e), NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), C(═O)OR_(d), C(═O)R_(a), C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), OC(═O)R_(a), OC(═O)NR_(b)R_(o) NR_(b)C(═O)OR_(e), NR_(d)C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(d)S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(d)P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(o) NR_(b)C(═O)R_(a), or NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e), wherein each occurrence of R_(a) is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl; each occurrence of R_(b), R_(c) and R_(d) is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, or said R_(b) and R_(c), together with the N to which they are bonded optionally form a heterocycle; and each occurrence of R_(e) is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl. The exemplary substitutents can themselves be optionally substituted. Exemplary substituents also include spiro-attached or fused cylic substituents, especially spiro-attached cycloalkyl, spiro-attached cycloalkenyl, spiro-attached heterocycle (excluding heteroaryl), fused cycloalkyl, fused cycloalkenyl, fused heterocycle, or fused aryl, where the aforementioned cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycle and aryl substitutents can themselves be optionally substituted.

The term “cycloalkenyl” refers to a partially unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 4 rings and 3 to 8 carbons per ring. Exemplaries of such groups include cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, etc. “Substituted cycloalkenyl” refers to a cycloalkenyl group substituted with one more substituents, preferably 1 to 4 substituents, at any available point of attachment. Exemplary substituents include but are not limited to one or more of the following groups: hydrogen, halogen (e.g., a single halogen substituent or multiple halo substitutents forming, in the latter case, groups such as CF₃ or an alkyl group bearing Cl₃), cyano, nitro, oxo (i.e., ═O), CF₃, OCF₃, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, aryl, OR_(a), SR_(a), S(═O)R_(e), S(═O)₂R_(e), P(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂OR_(e), P(═O)₂OR_(e), NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)S(═O)₂R_(e), NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), C(═O)OR_(d), C(═O)R_(a), C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), OC(═O)R_(a), OC(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)C(═O)OR_(e), NR_(d)C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(d)S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(d)P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(o) NR_(b)C(═O)R_(a), or NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e), wherein each occurrence of R_(a) is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl; each occurrence of R_(b), R_(c) and R_(d) is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, or said R_(b) and R_(c), together with the N to which they are bonded optionally form a heterocycle; and each occurrence of R_(e) is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl. The exemplary substitutents can themselves be optionally substituted. Exemplary substituents also include spiro-attached or fused cylic substituents, especially spiro-attached cycloalkyl, spiro-attached cycloalkenyl, spiro-attached heterocycle (excluding heteroaryl), fused cycloalkyl, fused cycloalkenyl, fused heterocycle, or fused aryl, where the aforementioned cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycle and aryl substituents can themselves be optionally substituted.

The term “aryl” refers to cyclic, aromatic hydrocarbon groups that have 1 to 5 aromatic rings, especially monocyclic or bicyclic groups such as phenyl, biphenyl or naphthyl. Where containing two or more aromatic rings (bicyclic, etc.), the aromatic rings of the aryl group may be joined at a single point (e.g., biphenyl), or fused (e.g., naphthyl, phenanthrenyl and the like). “Substituted aryl” refers to an aryl group substituted by one or more substituents, preferably 1 to 3 substituents, at any available point of attachment. Exemplary substituents include but are not limited to one or more of the following groups: hydrogen, halogen (e.g., a single halogen substituent or multiple halo substitutents forming, in the latter case, groups such as CF₃ or an alkyl group bearing Cl₃), cyano, nitro, oxo (i.e., ═O), CF₃, OCF3, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, aryl, OR_(a), SR_(a), S(═O)R_(e), S(═O)₂R_(e), P(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂OR_(e), P(═O)₂OR_(e), NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)S(═O)₂R_(e), NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), C(═O)OR_(d), C(═O)R_(a), C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), OC(═O)R_(a), OC(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)C(═O)OR_(e), NR_(d)C(═O)NR_(b)R_(o) NR_(d)S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(d)P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)C(═O)R_(a), or NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e), wherein each occurrence of R_(a) is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl; each occurrence of R_(b), R_(c) and R_(d) is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, or said R_(b) and R_(c), together with the N to which they are bonded optionally form a heterocycle; and each occurrence of R_(e) is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl. The exemplary substitutents can themselves be optionally substituted. Exemplary substituents also include fused cylic groups, especially fused cycloalkyl, fused cycloalkenyl, fused heterocycle, or fused aryl, where the aforementioned cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycle and aryl substituents can themselves be optionally substituted.

The terms “heterocycle” and “heterocyclic” refer to fully saturated, or partially or fully unsaturated, including aromatic (i.e., “heteroaryl”) cyclic groups (for example, 4 to 7 membered monocyclic, 7 to 11 membered bicyclic, or 8 to 16 membered tricyclic ring systems) which have at least one heteroatom in at least one carbon atom-containing ring. Each ring of the heterocyclic group containing a heteroatom may have 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen atoms, oxygen atoms and/or sulfur atoms, where the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized and the nitrogen heteroatoms may optionally be quaternized. (The term “heteroarylium” refers to a heteroaryl group bearing a quaternary nitrogen atom and thus a positive charge.) The heterocyclic group may be attached to the remainder of the molecule at any heteroatom or carbon atom of the ring or ring system. Exemplary monocyclic heterocyclic groups include azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, oxetanyl, pyrazolinyl, imidazolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, oxazolyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolinyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolyl, isothiazolidinyl, furyl, tetrahydrofuryl, thienyl, oxadiazolyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolodinyl, 2-oxoazepinyl, azepinyl, hexahydrodiazepinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, tetrahydropyranyl, morpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl sulfoxide, thiamorpholinyl sulfone, 1,3-dioxolane and tetrahydro-1,1-dioxothienyl, and the like. Exemplary bicyclic heterocyclic groups include indolyl, isoindolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothienyl, benzo[d][1,3]dioxolyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxinyl, quinuclidinyl, quinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzopyranyl, indolizinyl, benzofuryl, benzofurazanyl, chromonyl, coumarinyl, benzopyranyl, cinnolinyl, quinoxalinyl, indazolyl, pyrrolopyridyl, furopyridinyl (such as furo[2,3-c]pyridinyl, furo[3,2-b]pyridinyl] or furo[2,3-b]pyridinyl), dihydroisoindolyl, dihydroquinazolinyl (such as 3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-quinazolinyl), triazinylazepinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl and the like. Exemplary tricyclic heterocyclic groups include carbazolyl, benzidolyl, phenanthrolinyl, acridinyl, phenanthridinyl, xanthenyl and the like.

“Substituted heterocycle” and “substituted heterocyclic” (such as “substituted heteroaryl”) refer to heterocycle or heterocyclic groups substituted with one or more substituents, preferably 1 to 4 substituents, at any available point of attachment. Exemplary substituents include but are not limited to one or more of the following groups: hydrogen, halogen (e.g., a single halogen substituent or multiple halo substitutents forming, in the latter case, groups such as CF₃ or an alkyl group bearing Cl₃), cyano, nitro, oxo (i.e., ═O), CF₃, OCF₃, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, aryl, OR_(a), SR_(a), S(═O)R_(e), S(═O)₂R_(e), P(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂OR_(e), P(═O)₂OR_(e), NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)S(═O)₂R_(e), NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e), S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), C(═O)OR_(d), C(═O)R_(a), C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), OC(═O)R_(a), OC(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)C(═O)OR_(e), NR_(d)C(═O)NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(d)S(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(d)P(═O)₂NR_(b)R_(c), NR_(b)C(═O)R_(a), or NR_(b)P(═O)₂R_(e), wherein each occurrence of R_(a) is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl; each occurrence of R_(b), R_(c) and R_(d) is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, or said R_(b) and R_(c) together with the N to which they are bonded optionally form a heterocycle; and each occurrence of R_(e) is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl. The exemplary substitutents can themselves be optionally substituted. Exemplary substituents also include spiro-attached or fused cylic substituents at any available point or points of attachment, especially spiro-attached cycloalkyl, spiro-attached cycloalkenyl, spiro-attached heterocycle (excluding heteroaryl), fused cycloalkyl, fused cycloalkenyl, fused heterocycle, or fused aryl, where the aforementioned cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycle and aryl substituents can themselves be optionally substituted.

The term “alkylamino” refers to a group having the structure —NHR′, wherein R′ is hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cyclolakyl, as defined herein. Examples of alkylamino groups include, but are not limited to, methylamino, ethylamino, n-propylamino, iso-propylamino, cyclopropylamino, n-butylamino, tert-butylamino, neopentylamino, n-pentylamino, hexylamino, cyclohexylamino, and the like.

The term “dialkylamino” refers to a group having the structure —NRR′, wherein R′ and R′ are each independently alkyl or substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cyclolalkenyl, aryl or substituted aryl, heterocylyl or substituted heterocyclyl, as defined herein. R and R′ may be the same or different in an dialkyamino moiety. Examples of dialkylamino groups include, but are not limited to, dimethylamino, methyl ethylamino, diethylamino, methylpropylamino, di(n-propyl)amino, di(iso-propyl)amino, di(cyclopropyl)amino, di(n-butyl)amino, di(tert-butyl)amino, di(neopentyl)amino, di(n-pentyl)amino, di(hexyl)amino, di(cyclohexyl)amino, and the like. In certain embodiments, R and R′ are linked to form a cyclic structure. The resulting cyclic structure may be aromatic or non-aromatic. Examples of cyclic diaminoalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, aziridinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, 1,3,4-trianolyl, and tetrazolyl.

The terms “halogen” or “halo” refer to chlorine, bromine, fluorine or iodine.

Unless otherwise indicated, any heteroatom with unsatisfied valences is assumed to have hydrogen atoms sufficient to satisfy the valences.

The compounds of the present invention may form salts which are also within the scope of this invention. Reference to a compound of the present invention is understood to include reference to salts thereof, unless otherwise indicated. The term “salt(s)”, as employed herein, denotes acidic and/or basic salts formed with inorganic and/or organic acids and bases. In addition, when a compound of the present invention contains both a basic moiety, such as but not limited to a pyridine or imidazole, and an acidic moiety such as but not limited to a carboxylic acid, zwitterions (“inner salts”) may be formed and are included within the term “salt(s)” as used herein. Pharmaceutically acceptable (i.e., non-toxic, physiologically acceptable) salts are preferred, although other salts are also useful, e.g., in isolation or purification steps which may be employed during preparation. Salts of a compound of the present invention may be formed, for example, by reacting a compound I with an amount of acid or base, such as an equivalent amount, in a medium such as one in which the salt precipitates or in an aqueous medium followed by lyophilization.

The compounds of the present invention which contain a basic moiety, such as but not limited to an amine or a pyridine or imidazole ring, may form salts with a variety of organic and inorganic acids. Exemplary acid addition salts include acetates (such as those formed with acetic acid or trihaloacetic acid, for example, trifluoroacetic acid), adipates, alginates, ascorbates, aspartates, benzoates, benzenesulfonates, bisulfates, borates, butyrates, citrates, camphorates, camphorsulfonates, cyclopentanepropionates, digluconates, dodecylsulfates, ethanesulfonates, fumarates, glucoheptanoates, glycerophosphates, hemisulfates, heptanoates, hexanoates, hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, hydroiodides, hydroxyethanesulfonates (e.g., 2-hydroxyethanesulfonates), lactates, maleates, methanesulfonates, naphthalenesulfonates (e.g., 2-naphthalenesulfonates), nicotinates, nitrates, oxalates, pectinates, persulfates, phenylpropionates (e.g., 3-phenylpropionates), phosphates, picrates, pivalates, propionates, salicylates, succinates, sulfates (such as those formed with sulfuric acid), sulfonates, tartrates, thiocyanates, toluenesulfonates such as tosylates, undecanoates, and the like.

Compounds of the present invention which contain an acidic moiety, such but not limited to a carboxylic acid, may form salts with a variety of organic and inorganic bases. Exemplary basic salts include ammonium salts, alkali metal salts such as sodium, lithium and potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium and magnesium salts, salts with organic bases (for example, organic amines) such as benzathines, dicyclohexylamines, hydrabamines (formed with N,N-bis(dehydroabietyl)ethylenediamine), N-methyl-D-glucamines, N-methyl-D-glycamides, t-butyl amines, and salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine and the like. Basic nitrogen-containing groups may be quaternized with agents such as lower alkyl halides (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides), dialkyl sulfates (e.g., dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, and diamyl sulfates), long chain halides (e.g., decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides), aralkyl halides (e.g., benzyl and phenethyl bromides), and others.

Prodrugs and solvates of the compounds of the invention are also contemplated herein. The term “prodrug” as employed herein denotes a compound that, upon administration to a subject, undergoes chemical conversion by metabolic or chemical processes to yield a compound of the present invention, or a salt and/or solvate thereof. Solvates of the compounds of the present invention include, for example, hydrates.

Compounds of the present invention, and salts or solvates thereof, may exist in their tautomeric form (for example, as an amide or imino ether). All such tautomeric forms are contemplated herein as part of the present invention.

All stereoisomers of the present compounds (for example, those which may exist due to asymmetric carbons on various substituents), including enantiomeric forms and diastereomeric forms, are contemplated within the scope of this invention. Individual stereoisomers of the compounds of the invention may, for example, be substantially free of other isomers (e.g., as a pure or substantially pure optical isomer having a specified activity), or may be admixed, for example, as racemates or with all other, or other selected, stereoisomers. The chiral centers of the present invention may have the S or R configuration as defined by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) 1974 Recommendations. The racemic forms can be resolved by physical methods, such as, for example, fractional crystallization, separation or crystallization of diastereomeric derivatives or separation by chiral column chromatography. The individual optical isomers can be obtained from the racemates by any suitable method, including without limitation, conventional methods, such as, for example, salt formation with an optically active acid followed by crystallization.

Compounds of the present invention are, subsequent to their preparation, preferably isolated and purified to obtain a composition containing an amount by weight equal to or greater than 90%, for example, equal to greater than 95%, equal to or greater than 99% pure (“substantially pure” compound I), which is then used or formulated as described herein. Such “substantially pure” compounds of the present invention are also contemplated herein as part of the present invention.

All configurational isomers of the compounds of the present invention are contemplated, either in admixture or in pure or substantially pure form. The definition of compounds of the present invention embraces both cis (Z) and trans (E) alkene isomers, as well as cis and trans isomers of cyclic hydrocarbon or heterocyclic rings.

Throughout the specifications, groups and substituents thereof may be chosen to provide stable moieties and compounds.

Definitions of specific functional groups and chemical terms are described in more detail below. For purposes of this invention, the chemical elements are identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75^(th) Ed., inside cover, and specific functional groups are generally defined as described therein. Additionally, general principles of organic chemistry, as well as specific functional moieties and reactivity, are described in “Organic Chemistry”, Thomas Sorrell, University Science Books, Sausalito: 1999, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Certain compounds of the present invention may exist in particular geometric or stereoisomeric forms. The present invention contemplates all such compounds, including cis- and trans-isomers, R- and S-enantiomers, diastereomers, (D)-isomers, (L)-isomers, the racemic mixtures thereof, and other mixtures thereof, as falling within the scope of the invention. Additional asymmetric carbon atoms may be present in a substituent such as an alkyl group. All such isomers, as well as mixtures thereof, are intended to be included in this invention.

Isomeric mixtures containing any of a variety of isomer ratios may be utilized in accordance with the present invention. For example, where only two isomers are combined, mixtures containing 50:50, 60:40, 70:30, 80:20, 90:10, 95:5, 96:4, 97:3, 98:2, 99:1, or 100:0 isomer ratios are all contemplated by the present invention. Those of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate that analogous ratios are contemplated for more complex isomer mixtures.

The present invention also includes isotopically labeled compounds, which are identical to the compounds disclosed herein, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature. Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the present invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, fluorine and chlorine, such as ²H, ³H, ¹³C, ¹¹C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁸O, ¹⁷O, ³¹P, ³²P, ³⁵S, ¹⁸F, and ³⁶Cl, respectively. Compounds of the present invention, or an enantiomer, diastereomer, tautomer, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, which contain the aforementioned isotopes and/or other isotopes of other atoms are within the scope of this invention. Certain isotopically labeled compounds of the present invention, for example those into which radioactive isotopes such as ³H and ¹⁴C are incorporated, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution assays. Tritiated, i.e., ³H, and carbon-14, i.e., ¹⁴C, isotopes are particularly preferred for their ease of preparation and detectability. Further, substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium, i.e., ²H, can afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements and, hence, may be preferred in some circumstances. Isotopically labeled compounds can generally be prepared by carrying out the procedures disclosed in the Schemes and/or in the Examples below, by substituting a readily available isotopically labeled reagent for a non-isotopically labeled reagent.

If, for instance, a particular enantiomer of a compound of the present invention is desired, it may be prepared by asymmetric synthesis, or by derivation with a chiral auxiliary, where the resulting diastereomeric mixture is separated and the auxiliary group cleaved to provide the pure desired enantiomers. Alternatively, where the molecule contains a basic functional group, such as amino, or an acidic functional group, such as carboxyl, diastereomeric salts are formed with an appropriate optically-active acid or base, followed by resolution of the diastereomers thus formed by fractional crystallization or chromatographic means well known in the art, and subsequent recovery of the pure enantiomers.

It will be appreciated that the compounds, as described herein, may be substituted with any number of substituents or functional moieties. In general, the term “substituted” whether preceded by the term “optionally” or not, and substituents contained in formulas of this invention, refer to the replacement of hydrogen radicals in a given structure with the radical of a specified substituent. When more than one position in any given structure may be substituted with more than one substituent selected from a specified group, the substituent may be either the same or different at every position. As used herein, the term “substituted” is contemplated to include all permissible substituents of organic compounds. In a broad aspect, the permissible substituents include acyclic and cyclic, branched and unbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, aromatic and nonaromatic substituents of organic compounds. For purposes of this invention, heteroatoms such as nitrogen may have hydrogen substituents and/or any permissible substituents of organic compounds described herein which satisfy the valencies of the heteroatoms. Furthermore, this invention is not intended to be limited in any manner by the permissible substituents of organic compounds. Combinations of substituents and variables envisioned by this invention are preferably those that result in the formation of stable compounds useful in the treatment, for example, of infectious diseases or proliferative disorders. The term “stable”, as used herein, preferably refers to compounds which possess stability sufficient to allow manufacture and which maintain the integrity of the compound for a sufficient period of time to be detected and preferably for a sufficient period of time to be useful for the purposes detailed herein.

Compounds

The novel cyclosporin derivatives of the present invention are potent inhibitors of cyclophilins and are useful for inhibiting viruses such as HCV, HBV, and HIV.

In one aspect, the present invention provides a compound Formula (I):

or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

-   R₈ is n-butyl, (E)-but-2-enyl, or

—(CH₂)₄—SR₉, —(CH₂)₄—(C═O)OR₉, or —(CH₂)₃—(C═O)OR₉; each occurrence of R₉ is independently hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)alkyl;

-   R₂ is ethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, isopropyl or n-propyl; -   W is O, S, CH₂ or NR₁; -   R₁ is hydrogen;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D)         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (C₁-C₆)alkyl;     -   phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which         may be the same or different selected from halogen,         —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino, alkylamino and         dialkylamino;     -   or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated         containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three         heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from         nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen;     -   or R₁ and R₃ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are         attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring         containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may         optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group         consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally         substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or         different selected from the group consisting of (C₁-C₆)alkyl,         phenyl and benzyl; -   R₃ is:     -   H;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R₄         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups         which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, optionally substituted by one or one or more         groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups         which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino;     -   phenyl or CH₂-phenyl, optionally substituted by one or more         groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl; -   R₇ is

-   R₅ is:     -   H;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R₆         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups         which may be the same or different selected from hydroxy,         (C₁-C₆)alkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A),         O(CH₂)_(m)OH, O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A);     -   (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, optionally substituted by one or one or more         groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups         which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino;     -   phenyl or CH₂-phenyl, optionally substituted by one or more         groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); -   each occurrence of R₄ is independently halogen, hydroxy, aryl (e.g.,     phenyl), O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A),     C(═O)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, C(═O)OR_(A), C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), —NR_(A)R_(B),     —NR_(C)CH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B),     NR_(C)[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)NR_(A)R_(B),     O[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)O]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)OR_(A), OCH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), or     O[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)O]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)NR_(A)R_(B); -   each occurrence of R₆ is independently halogen, hydroxy, aryl (e.g.,     phenyl), S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, SR_(A), OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A),     O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), C(═O)OR_(A), C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B),     NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),     NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), or     NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), wherein said aryl or     phenyl is optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be     the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,     (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B) and     (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); -   each occurrence of R_(A) and R_(B) is independently:     -   hydrogen;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D)         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (C₁-C₆)alkyl;     -   phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which         may be the same or different selected from halogen,         —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino, alkylamino and         dialkylamino;     -   or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated         containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three         heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from         nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen;     -   or R_(A) and R_(B), together with the nitrogen atom to which         they are attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic         ring containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may         optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group         consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally         substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or         different selected from the group consisting of alkyl, phenyl         and benzyl; each occurrence of R_(C) is independently hydrogen         or (C₁-C₆)alkyl; -   p is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and -   m is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5.

In one aspect, the present invention provides a compound Formula (I):

or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

-   R₈ is n-butyl, (E)-but-2-enyl, or

—(CH₂)₄—SR₉, —(CH₂)₄—(C═O)OR₉, or —(CH₂)₃—(C═O)OR₉; each occurrence of R₉ is independently hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)alkyl;

-   R₂ is ethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, isopropyl or n-propyl; -   W is O, S, CH₂ or NR₁; -   R₁ is hydrogen;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D)         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (C₁-C₆)alkyl;     -   phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which         may be the same or different selected from halogen,         —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino, alkylamino and         dialkylamino;     -   or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated         containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three         heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from         nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen;     -   or R₁ and R₃ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are         attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring         containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may         optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group         consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally         substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or         different selected from the group consisting of (C₁-C₆)alkyl,         phenyl and benzyl; -   R₃ is:     -   H;     -   (C₇-C₁₂)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R₄         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₇-C₁₂)alkenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups         which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino; or         (C₇-C₁₂)alkynyl, optionally substituted by one or one or more         groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino; -   R₇ is

-   R₅ is:     -   H;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R₆         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups         which may be the same or different selected from hydroxy,         (C₁-C₆)alkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A),         O(CH₂)_(m)OH, O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A);     -   (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, optionally substituted by one or one or more         groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups         which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino;     -   phenyl or CH₂-phenyl, optionally substituted by one or more         groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); -   each occurrence of R₄ is independently halogen, hydroxy,     (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A),     O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), C(═O)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, C(═O)OR_(A),     C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), —NR_(A)R_(B), —NR_(C)CH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B),     NR_(C)[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)NR_(A)R_(B),     O[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)O]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)OR_(A), OCH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), or     O[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)O]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)NR_(A)R_(B); -   each occurrence of R₆ is independently halogen, hydroxy, aryl (e.g.,     phenyl), S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, SR_(A), OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A),     O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), C(═O)OR_(A), C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B),     NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),     NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), or     NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), wherein said aryl or     phenyl is optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be     the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,     (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B) and     (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); -   each occurrence of R_(A) and R_(B) is independently:     -   hydrogen;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D)         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (C₁-C₆)alkyl;     -   phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which         may be the same or different selected from halogen,         —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino, alkylamino and         dialkylamino;     -   or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated         containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three         heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from         nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen;     -   or R_(A) and R_(B), together with the nitrogen atom to which         they are attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic         ring containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may         optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group         consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally         substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or         different selected from the group consisting of alkyl, phenyl         and benzyl; each occurrence of R_(C) is independently hydrogen         or (C₁-C₆)alkyl; -   p is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and -   m is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5.

In certain embodiments, R₃ is (C₇-C₁₀)alkyl. In certain other embodiments, R₃ is (C₇-C₈)alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R₃ is (C₇-C₁₂) linear alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R₃ is (C₇-C₁₀) linear alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R₃ is (C₇-C₈) linear alkyl.

In certain embodiments, R₄ is hydroxyl. In certain other embodiments, R₄ is C(═O)OR_(A).

In certain embodiments, R₈ is n-butyl. In certain other embodiments, R₈ is (E)-but-2-enyl. In certain other embodiments, R₈ is

In yet other embodiments, R₈ is —(CH₂)₄—SR₉. In yet other embodiments, R₈ is —(CH₂)₄—(C═O)OR₉. In yet other embodiments, R₈ is —(CH₂)₃—(C═O)OR₉. In certain embodiments, each occurrence of R₉ is independently hydrogen. In certain other embodiments, each occurrence of R₉ is independently (C₁-C₆)alkyl. In certain embodiments, R₂ is ethyl.

In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula I has the structure of Formulae (II) through (VI):

or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

-   represents a single bond or double bond; -   each W is independently O, S, CH₂, or NR₁; -   each R₁ is independently hydrogen;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D)         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (C₁-C₆)alkyl;     -   phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which         may be the same or different selected from halogen,         —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino, alkylamino and         dialkylamino;     -   or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated         containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three         heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from         nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen;     -   or R₁ and R₃ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are         attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring         containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may         optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group         consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally         substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or         different selected from the group consisting of (C₁-C₆)alkyl,         phenyl and benzyl; -   each R₃ is independently:     -   H;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R₄         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups         which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A),         (CH₂)_(m)OH, (CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, (CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A);     -   (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, optionally substituted by one or one or more         groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups         which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino;     -   phenyl or CH₂-phenyl, optionally substituted by one or more         groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl; -   each R₅ is independently:     -   H;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R₆         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups         which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A),         (CH₂)_(m)OH, (CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, (CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A);     -   (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, optionally substituted by one or one or more         groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups         which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino;     -   phenyl or CH₂-phenyl, optionally substituted by one or more         groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); -   each occurrence of R₄ is independently halogen, hydroxy, aryl (e.g.,     phenyl), O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A),     C(═O)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, C(═O)OR_(A), C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), —NR_(A)R_(B),     —NR_(C)CH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B),     NR_(C)[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)NR_(A)R_(B),     O[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)O]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)OR_(A), OCH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), or     O[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)O]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)NR_(A)R_(B); -   each occurrence of R₆ is independently halogen, hydroxy, aryl (e.g.,     phenyl), S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, SR_(A), OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A),     O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), C(═O)OR_(A), C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B),     NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),     NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), or     NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), wherein said aryl or     phenyl is optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be     the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,     (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B) and     (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); -   each occurrence of R_(A) and R_(B) is independently:     -   hydrogen;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D)         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (C₁-C₆)alkyl;     -   phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which         may be the same or different selected from halogen,         —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino, alkylamino and         dialkylamino;     -   or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated         containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three         heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from         nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen;     -   or R_(A) and R_(B), together with the nitrogen atom to which         they are attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic         ring containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may         optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group         consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally         substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or         different selected from the group consisting of alkyl, phenyl         and benzyl;     -   or R_(A) and R_(B), together with the nitrogen atom to which         they are attached, form —N═CH—NR_(F)R_(F′), —N═CMe-NR_(F)R_(F′),         or —NR_(F)C(═NH)NR_(F)R_(F′); -   each occurrence of R_(C) is independently hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)alkyl; -   each occurrence of R_(D) is independently halogen, hydroxy,     O(C₁-C₄)alkyl, C(═O)(C₁-C₄)alkyl, C(═O)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl; -   each occurrence of R_(F) and R_(F′) is independently hydrogen,     (C₁-C₆)alkyl, phenyl, benzyl, or R_(F) and R_(F′), together with the     nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a saturated or     unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing from three to seven ring     atoms, which ring may optionally contain another heteroatom selected     from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be     optionally substituted by from one to four groups which may be the     same or different selected from the group consisting of alkyl,     phenyl and benzyl; -   p is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; -   m is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; and -   n is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.

In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula I has the structure of Formulae (II) through (VI):

or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

-   represents a single bond or double bond; -   each W is independently O, S, CH₂, or NR₁; -   each R₁ is independently hydrogen;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D)         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (C₁-C₆)alkyl;     -   phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which         may be the same or different selected from halogen,         —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino, alkylamino and         dialkylamino;     -   or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated         containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three         heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from         nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen;     -   or R₁ and R₃ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are         attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring         containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may         optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group         consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally         substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or         different selected from the group consisting of (C₁-C₆)alkyl,         phenyl and benzyl; -   each R₃ is independently:     -   H;     -   (C₇-C₁₂)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R₄         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₇-C₁₂)alkenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups         which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A),         (CH₂)_(m)OH, (CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, (CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); or     -   (C₇-C₁₂)alkynyl, optionally substituted by one or one or more         groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino; -   each R₅ is independently:     -   H;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R₆         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups         which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A),         (CH₂)_(m)OH, (CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, (CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A);     -   (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, optionally substituted by one or one or more         groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups         which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino;     -   phenyl or CH₂-phenyl, optionally substituted by one or more         groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); -   each occurrence of R₄ is independently halogen, hydroxy,     (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A),     O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), C(═O)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, C(═O)OR_(A),     C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), —NR_(A)R_(B), —NR_(C)CH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B),     NR_(C)[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)NR_(A)R_(B),     O[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)O]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)OR_(A), OCH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), or     O[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)O]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)NR_(A)R_(B); -   each occurrence of R₆ is independently halogen, hydroxy, aryl (e.g.,     phenyl), S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, SR_(A), OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A),     O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), C(═O)OR_(A), C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B),     NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),     NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), or     NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), wherein said aryl or     phenyl is optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be     the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,     (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B) and     (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); -   each occurrence of R_(A) and R_(B) is independently:     -   hydrogen;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D)         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (C₁-C₆)alkyl;     -   phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which         may be the same or different selected from halogen,         —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino, alkylamino and         dialkylamino;     -   or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated         containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three         heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from         nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen;     -   or R_(A) and R_(B), together with the nitrogen atom to which         they are attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic         ring containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may         optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group         consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally         substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or         different selected from the group consisting of alkyl, phenyl         and benzyl;     -   or R_(A) and R_(B), together with the nitrogen atom to which         they are attached, form —N═CH—NR_(F)R_(F′), —N═CMe-NR_(F)R_(F′),         or —NR_(F)C(═NH)NR_(F)R_(F′); -   each occurrence of R_(C) is independently hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)alkyl; -   each occurrence of R_(D) is independently halogen, hydroxy,     O(C₁-C₄)alkyl, C(═O)(C₁-C₄)alkyl, C(═O)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl; -   each occurrence of R_(F) and R_(F′) is independently hydrogen,     (C₁-C₆)alkyl, phenyl, benzyl, or R_(F) and R_(F′), together with the     nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a saturated or     unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing from three to seven ring     atoms, which ring may optionally contain another heteroatom selected     from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be     optionally substituted by from one to four groups which may be the     same or different selected from the group consisting of alkyl,     phenyl and benzyl; -   p is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; -   m is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; and -   n is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.

In certain embodiments, R₃ is (C₇-C₁₀)alkyl. In certain other embodiments, R₃ is (C₇-C₈)alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R₃ is (C₇-C₁₂) linear alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R₃ is (C₇-C₁₀) linear alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R₃ is (C₇-C₈) linear alkyl.

In certain embodiments, R₄ is hydroxyl. In certain other embodiments, R₄ is C(═O)OR_(A).

In certain embodiments, W is O. In certain other embodiments, W is S. In yet other embodiments, W is NH. In yet other embodiments, W is CH₂, yet other embodiments, W is NR₁. In yet other embodiments, W is N—(C₁-C₄)alkyl.

In certain embodiments, m is 1. In certain other embodiments, m is 2. In yet other embodiments, m is 3. In yet other embodiments, m is 4 or 5.

In certain embodiments, p is 0. In certain other embodiments, p is 1. In yet other embodiments, m is 2. In yet other embodiments, m is 3, 4 or 5.

In certain embodiments, R₃ is H, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, CH₂CMe₃, phenyl, CH₂-phenyl,

In certain embodiments, R₃ is —(CH₂)_(n)NR_(A)R_(B), wherein n is an integer of 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, or integer of 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12; and wherein each occurrence of R_(A) and R_(B) is independently hydrogen; (C₁-C₄)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D) which may be the same or different, in which each occurrence of R_(D) is independently halogen, hydroxy, O(C₁-C₄)alkyl, C(═O)(C₁-C₄)alkyl, C(═O)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl; or R_(A) and R_(B), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or different selected from (C₁-C₄)alkyl, phenyl and benzyl.

In certain embodiments, R₃ is —(CH₂)_(n)NR_(A)R_(B), wherein n is an integer of 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, or integer of 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12; and wherein R_(A) and R_(B), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may optionally contain another heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or different selected from (C₁-C₄)alkyl, phenyl and benzyl.

In certain embodiments, n is 2. In certain other embodiments, n is 3. In yet other embodiments, n is 4, 5, or 6. In yet other embodiments, n is 7 or 8. In yet other embodiments, n is 9 or 10. In yet other embodiments, n is 11 or 12.

In certain embodiments, R₃ is —(CH₂)_(n)NR_(A)R_(B), wherein n is an integer of 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12; and wherein each occurrence of R_(A) and R_(B) is independently hydrogen; (C₁-C₄)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D) which may be the same or different, in which each occurrence of R_(D) is independently halogen, hydroxy, O(C₁-C₄)alkyl, C(═O)(C₁-C₄)alkyl, C(═O)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl; or R_(A) and R_(B), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or different selected from (C₁-C₄)alkyl, phenyl and benzyl.

In certain embodiments, n is 7. In certain other embodiments, n is 8. In yet other embodiments, n is 9, 10, 11 or 12.

In certain embodiments, R₃ is 2-aminoethyl, 2-aminopropyl, 3-aminopropyl, 2-monoalkylaminoethyl, 2-monoalkylaminopropyl, 3-monoalkylaminopropyl, 2-dialkylaminoethyl, 2-dialkylaminopropyl, or 3-dialkylaminopropyl, wherein said alkyl is (C₁-C₄)alkyl.

In certain embodiments, R₃ is 2-aminoethyl, 2-aminopropyl, 3-aminopropyl, 2-monoalkylaminoethyl, 2-monoalkylaminopropyl, 3-monoalkylaminopropyl, 2-dialkylaminoethyl, 2-dialkylaminopropyl, or 3-dialkylaminopropyl, wherein said alkyl is (C₁-C₄)alkyl, wherein R₃ is dimethylaminoethyl, diethylaminoethyl, methylethylaminoethyl, methyl-iso-butylaminoethyl, ethyl-iso-butylaminoethyl, methyl-tert-butylaminoethyl, or ethyl-tert-butylaminoethyl.

In certain embodiments, R₃ is

in which n is an integer of 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, and m is an integer of 2, 3, or 4. In certain embodiments, n is 2. In certain other embodiments, n is 3. In yet other embodiments, n is 4, or 5, or 6. In certain embodiments, m is 2. In certain other embodiments, m is 3. In certain other embodiments, m is 4. In certain embodiments, n is 7. In certain other embodiments, n is 8. In yet other embodiments, n is 9, 10, 11 or 12.

In certain embodiments, W is NR₁, and R₁ and R₃ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a heterocycle selected from

in which R_(C) is H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, CH₂CMe₃, Ph, CH₂Ph, CH₂CH₂OH, or CH₂CH₂O(C₁-C₄)alkyl.

In certain embodiments, R₅ is H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, phenyl, benzyl, CH₂—S—(C₁-C₆)alky, CH₂—O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)OR_(A), (C₁-C₆)-monoalkyl amine, (C₁-C₆)-dialkyl amine, or (C₁-C₆)-cyclic amine, in which said phenyl or benzyl is optionally substituted by one to three substitutents selected from (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, and halogen; and R_(A) is H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, phenyl, CH₂-phenyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylOH, (CH₂)_(p)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, (CH₂)_(p)O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, (C₁-C₆)alkylO(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (CH₂)_(p)O(CH₂)_(m)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl, or (CH₂)_(p)O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl; p is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and m is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5.

In certain embodiments, R₅ is H. In certain other embodiments, R₅ is methyl. In yet other embodiments, R₅ is CH₂—S—(C₁-C₆)alky, e.g., CH₂—S—CH₃. In yet other embodiments, R₅ is CH₂—O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, e.g., CH₂—O—CH₂—CH₃. In yet other embodiments, R₅ is (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, e.g., CH₂—CH═CH₂. In yet other embodiments, R₅ is benzyl. In yet other embodiments, R₅ is (C₂-C₆)OH. In yet other embodiments, R₅ is (C₁-C₆)-monoalkyl amine, e.g., CH₂—NH-Me. In yet other embodiments, R₅ is (C₁-C₆)-dialkyl amine, e.g., CH₂—CH₂—N(Et)₂. In yet other embodiments, R₅ is (C₁-C₆)-cyclic amine, e.g., CH₂—CH₂-morpholine.

In certain embodiments, each occurrence R_(A) and R_(B) is independently H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, phenyl, CH₂-phenyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylOH, (CH₂)_(p)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, or (CH₂)_(p)O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, (C₁-C₆)alkylO(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (CH₂)_(p)O(CH₂)_(m)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl, or (CH₂)_(p)O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl. In certain other embodiments, R_(A) and R_(B), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a heterocycle selected from

in which R_(C) is H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, CH₂CMe₃, Ph, CH₂Ph, CH₂CH₂OH, or CH₂CH₂O(C₁-C₄)alkyl.

In certain embodiments, wherein

represents a single bond. In certain other embodiments, wherein

represents a double bond.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a compound of Formulae (IIa)-(VIa):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

-   represents a single bond or double bond; -   each W is independently O, S, CH₂, or NR₁; -   each R₁ is independently hydrogen;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D)         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (C₁-C₆)alkyl;     -   phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which         may be the same or different selected from halogen,         —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino, alkylamino and         dialkylamino;     -   or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated         containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three         heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from         nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen; -   each R₅ is independently:     -   H;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R₆         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups         which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A),         O(CH₂)_(m)OH, O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A);     -   (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, optionally substituted by one or one or more         groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups         which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino;     -   phenyl or CH₂-phenyl, optionally substituted by one or more         groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); -   each occurrence of R₆ is independently halogen, hydroxy, aryl (e.g.,     phenyl), S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, SR_(A), OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A),     O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), C(═O)OR_(A), C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B),     NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),     NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), or     NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), wherein said aryl or     phenyl is optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be     the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,     (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B) and     (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); -   each occurrence of R_(A) and R_(B) is independently:     -   hydrogen;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D)         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (C₁-C₆)alkyl;     -   phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which         may be the same or different selected from halogen,         —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino, alkylamino and         dialkylamino;     -   or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated         containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three         heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from         nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen;     -   or R_(A) and R_(B), together with the nitrogen atom to which         they are attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic         ring containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may         optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group         consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally         substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or         different selected from the group consisting of alkyl, phenyl         and benzyl; -   each occurrence of R_(C) is independently hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)alkyl; -   each occurrence of R_(D) is independently halogen, hydroxy,     O(C₁-C₄)alkyl, C(═O)(C₁-C₄)alkyl, C(═O)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl; -   each p is independently an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and -   each of m, n and q is independently an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a compound of Formulae (IIa)-(VIa):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

-   represents a single bond or double bond; -   each W is independently O, S, CH₂, or NR₁; -   each R₁ is independently hydrogen;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D)         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (C₁-C₆)alkyl;     -   phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which         may be the same or different selected from halogen,         —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino, alkylamino and         dialkylamino;     -   or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated         containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three         heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from         nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen; -   each R₅ is independently:     -   H;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R₆         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups         which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A),         O(CH₂)_(m)OH, O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A);     -   (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, optionally substituted by one or one or more         groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups         which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino;     -   phenyl or CH₂-phenyl, optionally substituted by one or more         groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); -   each occurrence of R₆ is independently halogen, hydroxy, aryl (e.g.,     phenyl), S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, SR_(A), OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A),     O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), C(═O)OR_(A), C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B),     NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),     NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), or     NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), wherein said aryl or     phenyl is optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be     the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,     (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B) and     (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); -   each occurrence of R_(A) and R_(B) is independently:     -   hydrogen;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D)         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (C₁-C₆)alkyl;     -   phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which         may be the same or different selected from halogen,         —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino, alkylamino and         dialkylamino;     -   or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated         containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three         heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from         nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen;     -   or R_(A) and R_(B), together with the nitrogen atom to which         they are attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic         ring containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may         optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group         consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally         substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or         different selected from the group consisting of alkyl, phenyl         and benzyl; -   each occurrence of R_(C) is independently hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)alkyl; -   each occurrence of R_(D) is independently halogen, hydroxy,     O(C₁-C₄)alkyl, C(═O)(C₁-C₄)alkyl, C(═O)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl; -   each p is independently an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; -   each of m and n is independently an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; and -   q is independently an integer of 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or 11.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a compound of Formulae (IIb)-(VIb):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

-   represents a single bond or double bond; -   each R₁ is independently hydrogen;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D)         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (C₁-C₆)alkyl;     -   phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which         may be the same or different selected from halogen,         —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino, alkylamino and         dialkylamino;     -   or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated         containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three         heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from         nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen;     -   or R₁ and R₃ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are         attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring         containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may         optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group         consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally         substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or         different selected from the group consisting of (C₁-C₆)alkyl,         phenyl and benzyl; -   each R₃ is independently:     -   H;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R₄         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups         which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A),         (CH₂)_(m)OH, (CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, (CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A);     -   (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, optionally substituted by one or one or more         groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups         which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino;     -   phenyl or CH₂-phenyl, optionally substituted by one or more         groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl; -   each R₅ is independently:     -   H;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R₆         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups         which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A),         O(CH₂)_(m)OH, O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A);     -   (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, optionally substituted by one or one or more         groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups         which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino;     -   phenyl or CH₂-phenyl, optionally substituted by one or more         groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); -   each occurrence of R₄ is independently halogen, hydroxy, aryl (e.g.,     phenyl), O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A),     C(═O)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, C(═O)OR_(A), C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), —NR_(A)R_(B),     —NR_(C)CH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B),     NR_(C)[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)NR_(A)R_(B),     O[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)O]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)OR_(A), OCH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), or     O[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)O]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)NR_(A)R_(B); -   each occurrence of R₆ is independently halogen, hydroxy, aryl (e.g.,     phenyl), S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, SR_(A), OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A),     O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), C(═O)OR_(A), C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B),     NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),     NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), or     NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), wherein said aryl or     phenyl is optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be     the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,     (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B) and     (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); -   each occurrence of R_(A) and R_(B) is independently:     -   hydrogen;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D)         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (C₁-C₆)alkyl;     -   phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which         may be the same or different selected from halogen,         —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino, alkylamino and         dialkylamino;     -   or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated         containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three         heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from         nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen;     -   or R_(A) and R_(B), together with the nitrogen atom to which         they are attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic         ring containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may         optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group         consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally         substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or         different selected from the group consisting of alkyl, phenyl         and benzyl; -   each occurrence of R_(C) is independently hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)alkyl; -   each occurrence of R_(D) is independently halogen, hydroxy,     O(C₁-C₄)alkyl, C(═O)(C₁-C₄)alkyl, C(═O)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl; -   each p is independently an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and -   each of m, n and q is independently an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a compound of Formulae (IIb)-(VIb):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

-   represents a single bond or double bond; -   each R₁ is independently hydrogen;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D)         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (C₁-C₆)alkyl;     -   phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which         may be the same or different selected from halogen,         —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino, alkylamino and         dialkylamino;     -   or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated         containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three         heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from         nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen;     -   or R₁ and R₃ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are         attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring         containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may         optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group         consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally         substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or         different selected from the group consisting of (C₁-C₆)alkyl,         phenyl and benzyl; -   each R₃ is independently:     -   H;     -   (C₇-C₁₂)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R₄         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₇-C₁₂)alkenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups         which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A),         (CH₂)_(m)OH, (CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, (CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); or     -   (C₇-C₁₂)alkynyl, optionally substituted by one or one or more         groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino; -   each R₅ is independently:     -   H;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R₆         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups         which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A),         O(CH₂)_(m)OH, O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A);     -   (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, optionally substituted by one or one or more         groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups         which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino;     -   phenyl or CH₂-phenyl, optionally substituted by one or more         groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); -   each occurrence of R₄ is independently halogen, hydroxy,     (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A),     O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), C(═O)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, C(═O)OR_(A),     C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), —NR_(A)R_(B), —NR_(C)CH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B),     NR_(C)[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)NR_(A)R_(B),     O[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)O]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)OR_(A), OCH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), or     O[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)O]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)NR_(A)R_(B); -   each occurrence of R₆ is independently halogen, hydroxy, aryl (e.g.,     phenyl), S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, SR_(A), OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A),     O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), C(═O)OR_(A), C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B),     NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),     NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), or     NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), wherein said aryl or     phenyl is optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be     the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,     (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B) and     (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); -   each occurrence of R_(A) and R_(B) is independently:     -   hydrogen;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D)         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (C₁-C₆)alkyl;     -   phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which         may be the same or different selected from halogen,         —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino, alkylamino and         dialkylamino;     -   or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated         containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three         heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from         nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen;     -   or R_(A) and R_(B), together with the nitrogen atom to which         they are attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic         ring containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may         optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group         consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally         substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or         different selected from the group consisting of alkyl, phenyl         and benzyl; -   each occurrence of R_(C) is independently hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)alkyl; -   each occurrence of R_(D) is independently halogen, hydroxy,     O(C₁-C₄)alkyl, C(═O)(C₁-C₄)alkyl, C(═O)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl; -   each p is independently an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and -   each of m and n is independently an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5.

In certain embodiments, R₃ is (C₇-C₁₀)alkyl. In certain other embodiments, R₃ is (C₇-C₈)alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R₃ is (C₇-C₁₂) linear alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R₃ is (C₇-C₁₀) linear alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R₃ is (C₇-C₈) linear alkyl.

In certain embodiments, R₄ is hydroxyl. In certain other embodiments, R₄ is C(═O)OR_(A).

In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula I has the structure of Formulae (II) through (VI):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

-   represents a single bond or double bond; -   each W is independently O, S, CH₂, or NR₁; -   each R₁ is independently hydrogen;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D)         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (C₁-C₆)alkyl;     -   phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which         may be the same or different selected from halogen,         —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino, alkylamino and         dialkylamino;     -   or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated         containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three         heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from         nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen; -   each R₃ is independently

-   each R₅ is independently:     -   H;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R₆         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups         which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A),         O(CH₂)_(m)OH, O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A);     -   (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, optionally substituted by one or one or more         groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups         which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino;     -   phenyl or CH₂-phenyl, optionally substituted by one or more         groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen,         hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B),         (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); -   each occurrence of R₆ is independently halogen, hydroxy, aryl (e.g.,     phenyl), S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, SR_(A), OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A),     O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), C(═O)OR_(A), C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B),     NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B),     NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), or     NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), wherein said aryl or     phenyl is optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be     the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,     (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B) and     (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); -   each occurrence of R_(A) and R_(B) is independently:     -   hydrogen;     -   (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D)         which may be the same or different;     -   (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl;     -   (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (C₁-C₆)alkyl;     -   phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which         may be the same or different selected from halogen,         —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino, alkylamino and         dialkylamino;     -   or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated         containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three         heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from         nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen;     -   or R_(A) and R_(B), together with the nitrogen atom to which         they are attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic         ring containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may         optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group         consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally         substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or         different selected from the group consisting of alkyl, phenyl         and benzyl; -   each occurrence of R_(C) is independently hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)alkyl; -   each occurrence of R_(D) is independently halogen, hydroxy,     O(C₁-C₄)alkyl, C(═O)(C₁-C₄)alkyl, C(═O)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl; -   each p is independently an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and -   each of m, n and q is independently an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5,     or n is independently an integer of 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or 11.

In certain embodiments, q is 1. In certain other embodiments, q is 2. In certain other embodiments, n is independently an integer of 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or 11.

In certain embodiments, W is S. In certain other embodiments, W is O. In yet other embodiments, W is NH. In yet other embodiments, W is N—(C₁-C₄)alkyl.

In certain embodiments, R₁ is hydrogen. In certain other embodiments, R₁ is (C₁-C₆)alkyl. In certain embodiments, R₃ is (C₁-C₆)alkyl. In certain other embodiments, R₃ is NR_(C)CH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B).

In certain embodiments, R₁ and R₃ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a heterocycle selected from

in which R_(C) is H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, CH₂CMe₃, Ph, CH₂Ph, CH₂CH₂OH, or CH₂CH₂O(C₁-C₄)alkyl.

In certain embodiments, R₅ is H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, phenyl, benzyl, CH₂—S—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, CH₂—O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)OR_(A), (C₁-C₆)-monoalkyl amine, (C₁-C₆)-dialkyl amine, or (C₁-C₆)-cyclic amine, in which said phenyl or benzyl is optionally substituted by one to three substitutents selected from (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, and halogen; and R_(A) is H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, phenyl, CH₂-phenyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylOH, (CH₂)_(p)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, (CH₂)_(p)O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, (C₁-C₆)alkylO(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (CH₂)_(p)O(CH₂)_(m)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl, or (CH₂)_(p)O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl; p is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and m is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5.

In certain other embodiments, R₅ is H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₂-C₄)alkenyl, phenyl, benzyl, CH₂—S—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, CH₂—O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (CH₂)₂OH, or (CH₂)₂O(C₁-C₄)alkyl. In certain embodiments, R₅ is H. In certain other embodiments, R₅ is methyl.

In certain embodiments, each occurrence R_(A) and R_(B) is independently H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, phenyl, CH₂-phenyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylOH, (CH₂)_(p)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, or (CH₂)_(p)O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, (C₁-C₆)alkylO(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (CH₂)_(p)O(CH₂)_(m)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl, or (CH₂)_(p)O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl. In certain other embodiments, each occurrence R_(A) and R_(B) is independently H or (C₁-C₆)alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R_(A) and R_(B), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a heterocycle selected from

in which R_(C) is H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, CH₂CMe₃, Ph, CH₂Ph, or CH₂CH₂OH and CH₂CH₂OR_(d).

In one aspect, the present invention provides a compound selected from the following:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a compound as described in the Examples.

In certain embodiments, the compounds are selected from:

-   [(R)-(2-(N,N-Dimethylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(2-(N-Morpholino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(2-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(2-(N-Piperidinyl)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(N,N-Dimethylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(N,N-Diethylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(N-Morphlino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(N-Piperidinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(Carboxymethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(Carboxymethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin sodium salt, -   [(R)-(Carboxymethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin potassium salt, -   [(R)-(Methoxycarboxymethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(Carboxyethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(Carboxyethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin sodium salt, -   [(R)-(Carboxyethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin potassium salt, -   [(R)-(Methoxycarboxyethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(Carboxypropoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(Carboxypropoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin sodium salt, -   [(R)-(Carboxypropoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin potassium salt, -   [(R)-(Methoxycarboxypropoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(Carboxypentyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(Carboxypentyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin sodium salt, -   [(R)-(Carboxypentyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin potassium salt, -   [(R)-(Methoxycarboxypentyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl)methoxy]methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl)ethoxy]methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl)propoxy]methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-((2-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl)methoxy]ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-((3-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl)methoxy]propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-((4-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl)methoxy]butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-((5-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl)methoxy]pentyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-((6-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl)methoxy]hexyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(2-(N-Neopentylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(2-(N-Neopentylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(2-(N-Methyl-N-Neopentylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(2-(N-Methyl-N-Neopentylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(2-(N-Ethyl-N-Neopentylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(2-(N-Ethyl-N-Neopentylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(N-Neopentylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(N-Neopentylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(N-Methyl-N-Neopentylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(N-Methyl-N-Neopentylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(N-Ethyl-N-Neopentylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(N-Ethyl-N-Neopentylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(4-(N-Neopentylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(4-(N-Neopentylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(4-(N-Methyl-N-Neopentylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(4-(N-Methyl-N-Neopentylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(4-(N-Ethyl-N-Neopentylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(4-(N-Ethyl-N-Neopentylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(2-(N-Neopentylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(2-(N-Neopentylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(2-(N-Methyl-N-Neopentylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(2-(N-Methyl-N-Neopentylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(2-(N-Ethyl-N-Neopentylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(2-(N-Ethyl-N-Neopentylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(N-Neopentylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(N-Neopentylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(N-Methyl-N-Neopentylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(N-Methyl-N-Neopentylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(N-Ethyl-N-Neopentylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(N-Ethyl-N-Neopentylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(4-(N-Neopentylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(4-(N-Neopentylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(4-(N-Methyl-N-Neopentylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin -   [(R)-(4-(N-Methyl-N-Neopentylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(4-(N-Ethyl-N-Neopentylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(4-(N-Ethyl-N-Neopentylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(2-(N-Morpholino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(2-(N-Morpholino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(2-(N-Thiomorpholino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(2-(N-Thiomorpholino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(N-Morpholino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(N-Morpholino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(N-Thiomorpholino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(N-Thiomorpholino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(4-(N-Morpholino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(4-(N-Morpholino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(4-(N-Thiomorpholino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(4-(N-Thiomorpholino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(2-(N-Morpholino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(2-(N-Morpholino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(2-(N-Thiomorpholino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(2-(N-Thiomorpholino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(N-Morpholino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(N-Morpholino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(N-Morpholino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(N-Thiomorpholino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(N-Thiomorpholino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(N-Thiomorpholino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(4-(N-Morpholino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(4-(N-Morpholino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(4-(N-Morpholino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(4-(N-Thiomorpholino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(4-(N-Thiomorpholino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(4-(N-Thiomorpholino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(2-(4-Ethyl-N-piperazinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(2-(4-Ethyl-N-piperazinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(4-Methyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(4-Methyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(4-Ethyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(4-Ethyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(4-Propyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(4-Propyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(4-Propyl-N-piperazinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(4-Propyl-N-piperazinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(4-Isopropyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(4-Isopropyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(4-Isopropyl-N-piperazinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(4-Isopropyl-N-piperazinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(4-Isobutyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(4-Isobutyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(4-Isobutyl-N-piperazinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(4-Isobutyl-N-piperazinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(4-Neopentyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(4-Neopentyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(4-Neopentyl-N-piperazinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(4-Neopentyl-N-piperazinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(N,N-Diethylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(N,N-Diethylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(4-(N,N-Diethylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(4-(N,N-Diethylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(N,N-Diethylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(N,N-Diethylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(4-(N,N-Diethylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(4-(N,N-Diethylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(N,N-Diisobutylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(N,N-Diisobutylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-Methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(4-(N,N-Diisobutylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(4-(N,N-Diisobutylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(N,N-Diisobutylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(N,N-Diisobutylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-Methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(4-(N,N-Diisobutylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(4-(N,N-Diisobutylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(4-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethoxy)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(4-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethoxy)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-Hydroxylpropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-Methoxypropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-Hydroxyl-3,3-dimethylpropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-Hydroxylpropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-Methoxypropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-Hydroxyl-3,3-dimethylpropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(4-Hydroxylbutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(4-Methoxybutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(4-Hydroxyl-4,4-dimethylbutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(4-Hydroxylbutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(4-Methoxybutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(4-Hydroxyl-4,4-dimethylbutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(5-Hydroxylpentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(5-Methoxypentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(5-Hydroxyl-5,5-dimethylpentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(5-Hydroxylpentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(5-Methoxypentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(5-Hydroxyl-5,5-dimethylpentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(N-Piperidinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(N-Piperidinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methox)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(N-Piperidinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(3-(N-Piperidinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methox)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(4-(N-Piperidinyl)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(4-(N-Piperidinyl)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methox)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(R)-(4-(N-Piperidinyl)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin,     and -   [(R)-(4-(N-Piperidinyl)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methox)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, -   [(S)-(5-Carboxyheptylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin -   [(S)-(5-Carboxyheptylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin-potassium salt -   [(S)-(5-(Ethoxycarbonyl)heptylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin -   [(S)-((7,7′-Dicarboxy)heptylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin -   [(S)-((7,7′-Dicarboxy)heptylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin-dipotassium     salt -   [(S)-((7,7′-Dicarboxy)heptylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin-disodium     salt -   [(S)-(7,7′-Diethoxycarbonyl)heptylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin -   [(S)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(imidazol-1-yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin -   [(S)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(imidazo-1-yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin -   [(S)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-morpholinohexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin -   [(S)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-morpholinohexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin -   [(S)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin -   [(S)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(4-isopropylpiperazin-1-yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin -   [(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7-(imidazol-1-yl)heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin -   [(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-(imidazo-1-yl)heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin -   [(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7-morpholinoheptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin -   [(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-morpholinoheptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin -   [(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin -   [(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin -   [(R)-(5-Carboxyheptyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin -   [(R)-(5-Carboxyheptyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin-potassium salt -   [(R)-((7,7′-Dicarboxy)heptyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin -   [(R)-((7,7′-Dicarboxy)heptyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin-dipotassium     salt -   [(R)-(7,7′-Diethoxycarbonyl)heptyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin -   [(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7-(imidazol-1-yl)heptyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin -   [(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-(imidazo-1-yl)heptyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin -   [(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7-morpholinoheptyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin -   [(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-morpholinoheptyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin -   [(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)heptylcyclos)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin -   [(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)heptyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin -   [(S)-(7,7′-Di(carboxy)heptylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin -   [(S)-(7,7′-Di(carboxy)heptylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-dipotassium     salt -   [(S)-(7,7′-Di(ethoxycarbonyl)heptylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin -   [(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7-(imidazol-1-yl)heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin -   [(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-(imidazo-1-yl)heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin -   [(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7-morpholinoheptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin -   [(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-morpholinoheptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin -   [(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin -   [(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin -   [(S)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(imidazol-1-yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin -   [(S)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(imidazo-1-yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin -   [(S)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-morpholinohexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin -   [(S)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-morpholinohexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin -   [(S)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin -   [(S)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(4-isopropylpiperazin-1-yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin -   [(R)-(7,7′-Di(carboxy)heptyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin -   [(R)-(7,7′-Di(carboxy)heptyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-dipotassium     salt -   [(R)-(7,7′-Di(ethoxycarbonyl)heptyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin -   [(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7-(imidazol-1-yl)heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin -   [(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-(imidazo-1-yl)heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin -   [(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7-morpholinoheptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin -   [(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-morpholinoheptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin -   [(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin -   [(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin -   [(R)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(imidazol-1-yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin -   [(R)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(imidazo-1-yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin -   [(R)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-morpholinohexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin -   [(R)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-morpholinohexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin -   [(R)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin,     and -   [(R)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(4-isopropylpiperazin-1-yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin,     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound described herein and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier or diluent.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method for treating or preventing a viral infection in a mammalian species in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the mammalian species a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound described herein. In certain embodiments, the viral infection is HIV infection. In certain other embodiments, the viral infection is HBV infection. In yet other embodiments, the viral infection is HCV infection. In yet other embodiments, the viral infection is influenza A virus infection, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection or vaccinia virus infection.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for treating or preventing hepatitis C virus infection in a mammalian species in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the mammalian species a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound described herein.

In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a method for inhibiting a cyclophilin in a subject in need thereof, which comprises administrating to said subject an effective cyclophilin-inhibiting amount of at least one compound as described herein.

In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a method for treating or preventing diseases that are mediated by cyclophilins in a mammalian species in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the mammalian species a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound as described herein.

In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a method for treating or preventing diseases in a mammalian species in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the mammalian species a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound as described herein, wherein the diseases are selected from inflammation, respiratory inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, and dry eye.

In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a method for treating or preventing diseases in a mammalian species in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the mammalian species a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound as described herein, wherein the diseases are selected from neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's Diseases, and ALS; traumatic brain injury; stroke; and ischemia-reperfusion injury in the brain, heart, and kidney.

In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a method for treating or preventing diseases in a mammalian species in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the mammalian species a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound as described herein, wherein the diseases are selected from cardiovascular diseases, vascular stenosis, atherosclerosis, abdominal aortic aneurysms, cardiac hypertrophy, aortic rupture, pulmonary arterial hypertension, myocarditis and myocardial fibrosis, and ischaemic heart diseases.

In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a method for treating or preventing diseases or conditions in a mammalian species in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the mammalian species a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound as described herein, wherein the diseases or conditions are selected from cancer, obesity, diabetes, muscular dystrophy, and hair loss.

In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a method for treating or preventing diseases or conditions in a mammalian species in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the mammalian species a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound as described herein, wherein the diseases or conditions are selected from allergic conjunctivitis, atopic and vernal keratoconjunctivitis, atopic keratoconjunctivitis, anterior uveitis, Behcet's disease, blepharitis, chronic ocular surface inflammation caused by viral infection, corneal transplant rejection, corneal sensitivity impaired due to surgery on the cornea or other surface of the eye, meibomian gland disease, ptyregia, ocular symptoms of graft versus host disease, ocular allergy, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, Steven Johnson syndrome, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, uveitis, herpes simplex keratitis, ocular rosacea, and Pinguecula.

Methods of Preparation

In certain embodiments, the compound of formulae (I) and (II) can be prepared by treating cyclosporin A or an analog thereof with a base (e.g., LDA) to form a sarcosine enolate at 3-position, and then CO₂ gas is introduced to yield carboxylic acid-3-cyclosporin, after formation of its corresponding methyl ester and reduction of the methyl ester side chain to alcohol, its mesylate, tosylate or chloride can be formed by treatment with MsCl or TsCl in dichloromethane solution, and they can be converted to the methylene on the sarcosine by treatment with a base (e.g., NaH), when sulfur nuclectrophile is used for 1,4-addition reaction on the methylene group, the methylene sulfur side chain with S-conformation can be formed on the sarcosine of position 3 as novel cyclosporine derivatives. For example:

[α-Methylene-Sar]-3-cyclosporin can also be prepared using a method analogous to the procedure described in Reference Example 2 or WO2012/051194A1 (which is incorporated herein by reference).

In certain embodiments, the above resulting methylene-3-cyclosporin can be converted to its methylene amine side chain to form novel cyclosporine derivatives. For example:

Therefore, the following derivatives can be prepared by this procedure.

In certain embodiments, the above resulting alcohol can be converted to its methylene oxygen ether side chain to form novel cyclosporine derivatives too. For example:

In Schemes 1-4 above, the symbols have the same meaning as defined in the claims and throughout the specification, unless otherwise noted.

In certain other embodiments, the compound of formula (IIa) or (IIIa) can be obtained according to the procedures described herein.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

This invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one of the compounds as described herein or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or solvate thereof, and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.

The phrase “pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier” as used herein means a pharmaceutically-acceptable material, composition or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, solvent or encapsulating material, involved in carrying or transporting the subject pharmaceutical agent from one organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the body. Each carrier must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not injurious to the patient. Some examples of materials which can serve as pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers include: sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; glycols, such as butylene glycol; polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; Ringer's solution; ethyl alcohol; phosphate buffer solutions; and other non-toxic compatible substances employed in pharmaceutical formulations.

As set out above, certain embodiments of the present pharmaceutical agents may be provided in the form of pharmaceutically-acceptable salts. The term “pharmaceutically-acceptable salt”, in this respect, refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic acid addition salts of compounds of the present invention. These salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds of the invention, or by separately reacting a purified compound of the invention in its free base form with a suitable organic or inorganic acid, and isolating the salt thus formed. Representative salts include the hydrobromide, hydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, nitrate, acetate, valerate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, benzoate, lactate, phosphate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, napthylate, mesylate, glucoheptonate, lactobionate, and laurylsulphonate salts and the like. (See, for example, Berge et al., (1977) “Pharmaceutical Salts”, J. Pharm. Sci. 66:1-19).

The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the subject compounds include the conventional nontoxic salts or quaternary ammonium salts of the compounds, e.g., from non-toxic organic or inorganic acids. For example, such conventional nontoxic salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloride, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric, and the like; and the salts prepared from organic acids such as acetic, butionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, palmitic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicyclic, sulfanilic, 2-acetoxybenzoic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, isothionic, and the like.

In other cases, the compounds of the present invention may contain one or more acidic functional groups and, thus, are capable of forming pharmaceutically-acceptable salts with pharmaceutically-acceptable bases. The term “pharmaceutically-acceptable salts” in these instances refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic base addition salts of compounds of the present invention. These salts can likewise be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds, or by separately reacting the purified compound in its free acid form with a suitable base, such as the hydroxide, carbonate or bicarbonate of a pharmaceutically-acceptable metal cation, with ammonia, or with a pharmaceutically-acceptable organic primary, secondary or tertiary amine. Representative alkali or alkaline earth salts include the lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and aluminum salts and the like. Representative organic amines useful for the formation of base addition salts include ethylamine, diethylamine, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperazine and the like. (See, for example, Berge et al., supra)

Wetting agents, emulsifiers and lubricants, such as sodium lauryl sulfate, magnesium stearate, and polyethylene oxide-polybutylene oxide copolymer as well as coloring agents, release agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the compositions.

Formulations of the present invention include those suitable for oral, nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual), rectal, vaginal and/or parenteral administration. The formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy. The amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host being treated and the particular mode of administration. The amount of active ingredient, which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will generally be that amount of the compound which produces a therapeutic effect. Generally, out of 100%, this amount will range from about 1% to about 99% of active ingredient, preferably from about 5% to about 70%, most preferably from about 10% to about 30%.

Methods of preparing these formulations or compositions include the step of bringing into association a compound of the present invention with the carrier and, optionally, one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association a compound of the present invention with liquid carriers, or finely divided solid carriers, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.

Formulations of the invention suitable for oral administration may be in the form of capsules, cachets, pills, tablets, lozenges (using a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth), powders, granules, or as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid, or as an oil-in-water or water-in-oil liquid emulsion, or as an elixir or syrup, or as pastilles (using an inert base, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia) and/or as mouth washes and the like, each containing a predetermined amount of a compound of the present invention as an active ingredient. A compound of the present invention may also be administered as a bolus, electuary or paste.

In solid dosage forms of the invention for oral administration (capsules, tablets, pills, dragees, powders, granules and the like), the active ingredient is mixed with one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate, and/or any of the following: fillers or extenders, such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/or silicic acid; binders, such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose and/or acacia; humectants, such as glycerol; disintegrating agents, such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, sodium carbonate, and sodium starch glycolate; solution retarding agents, such as paraffin; absorption accelerators, such as quaternary ammonium compounds; wetting agents, such as, for example, cetyl alcohol, glycerol monostearate, and polyethylene oxide-polybutylene oxide copolymer; absorbents, such as kaolin and bentonite clay; lubricants, such a talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof; and coloring agents. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the pharmaceutical compositions may also comprise buffering agents. Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugars, as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.

A tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared using binder (for example, gelatin or hydroxybutylmethyl cellulose), lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant (for example, sodium starch glycolate or cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), surface-active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets, may be, made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.

The tablets, and other solid dosage forms of the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, such as dragees, capsules, pills and granules, may optionally be scored or prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical-formulating art. They may also be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein using, for example, hydroxybutylmethyl cellulose in varying butortions to provide the desired release profile, other polymer matrices, liposomes and/or microspheres. They may be sterilized by, for example, filtration through a bacteria-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions, which can be dissolved in sterile water, or some other sterile injectable medium immediately before use. These compositions may also optionally contain opacifying agents and may be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain portion of the gastrointestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples are embedding compositions, which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes. The active ingredient can also be in micro-encapsulated form, if apbutriate, with one or more of the above-described excipients.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration of the compounds of the invention include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the active ingredient, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, butylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Additionally, cyclodextrins, e.g., hydroxybutyl-.beta.-cyclodextrin, may be used to solubilize compounds.

Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, coloring, perfuming and preservative agents.

Suspensions, in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.

Formulations of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention for rectal or vaginal administration may be presented as a suppository, which may be prepared by mixing one or more compounds of the invention with one or more suitable nonirritating excipients or carriers comprising, for example, cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, a suppository wax or a salicylate, and which is solid at room temperature, but liquid at body temperature and, therefore, will melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active pharmaceutical agents of the invention.

Formulations of the present invention which are suitable for vaginal administration also include pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations containing such carriers as are known in the art to be apbutriate.

Dosage forms for the topical or transdermal administration of a compound of this invention include powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, patches and inhalants. The active compound may be mixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier, and with any preservatives, buffers, or butellants which may be required.

The ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in addition to an active compound of this invention, excipients, such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.

Powders and sprays can contain, in addition to a compound of this invention, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these substances. Sprays can additionally contain customary butellants, such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons and volatile unsubstituted hydrocarbons, such as butane and butane.

Transdermal patches have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound of the present invention to the body. Such dosage forms can be made by dissolving, or dispersing the pharmaceutical agents in the buter medium. Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the pharmaceutical agents of the invention across the skin. The rate of such flux can be controlled, by either providing a rate controlling membrane or dispersing the compound in a polymer matrix or gel.

Ophthalmic formulations, eye ointments, powders, solutions and the like, are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.

Pharmaceutical compositions of this invention suitable for parenteral administration comprise one or more compounds of the invention in combination with one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable sterile isotonic aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, or sterile powders which may be reconstituted into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use, which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient or suspending or thickening agents.

In some cases, in order to prolong the effect of a drug, it is desirable to slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material having poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution, which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally-administered drug form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle. One strategy for depot injections includes the use of polyethylene oxide-polybutylene oxide copolymers wherein the vehicle is fluid at room temperature and solidifies at body temperature.

Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of the subject compounds in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending on the ratio of drug to polymer, and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly (orthoesters) and poly (anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions, which are compatible with body tissue.

When the compounds of the present invention are administered as pharmaceuticals, to humans and animals, they can be given per se or as a pharmaceutical composition containing, for example, 0.1% to 99.5% (more preferably, 0.5% to 90%) of active ingredient in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be employed in combination therapies, that is, the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions can be administered concurrently with, prior to, or subsequent to, one or more other desired therapeutics or medical procedures. The particular combination of therapies (therapeutics or procedures) to employ in a combination regimen will take into account compatibility of the desired therapeutics and/or procedures and the desired therapeutic effect to be achieved. It will also be appreciated that the therapies employed may achieve a desired effect for the same disorder (for example, the compound of the present invention may be administered concurrently with another anti-HCV agent), or they may achieve different effects (e.g., control of any adverse effects).

The compounds of the invention may be administered intravenously, intramuscularly, intraperitoneally, subcutaneously, topically, orally, or by other acceptable means. The compounds may be used to treat arthritic conditions in mammals (i.e., humans, livestock, and domestic animals), birds, lizards, and any other organism, which can tolerate the compounds.

The invention also provides a pharmaceutical pack or kit comprising one or more containers filled with one or more of the ingredients of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention. Optionally associated with such container(s) can be a notice in the form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the manufacture, use or sale of pharmaceuticals or biological products, which notice reflects approval by the agency of manufacture, use or sale for human administration.

Equivalents

The representative examples which follow are intended to help illustrate the invention, and are not intended to, nor should they be construed to, limit the scope of the invention. Indeed, various modifications of the invention and many further embodiments thereof, in addition to those shown and described herein, will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the full contents of this document, including the examples which follow and the references to the scientific and patent literature cited herein. It should further be appreciated that the contents of those cited references are incorporated herein by reference to help illustrate the state of the art. The following examples contain important additional information, exemplification and guidance which can be adapted to the practice of this invention in its various embodiments and equivalents thereof.

EXAMPLES Example 1 [α-Methoxycarbonyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin

[α-Carboxy-sar]-3-cyclosporin (5.00 g, 4.01 mmol) was dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (30 ml). Iodomethane (2.85 g, 20.10 mmol) and potassium carbonate (1.38 g, 10.00 mmol) were added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. Then ethyl acetate (60 ml) and water (60 ml) were added and the mixture was separated. The ethyl acetate layer was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure to give 5.32 g of crude product, which was directly used for the next step without purification (yield: ˜100%) [Molecular Formula: C₆₄H₁₁₃N₁₁O₁₄; Exact Mass: 1259.85; MS (m/z): 1260.7 (M+1)⁺, 1282.7 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.55 (dichloromethane/methanol=9/1)].

Example 2 [(R)-α-Hydroxymethyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin

[α-Methoxycarbonyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin (2.00 g, 1.59 mmol) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (30 ml). Cesium chloride (1.33 g, 7.90 mmol) and sodium borohydride (0.60 g, 15.89 mmol) were added in portions. Then methanol (30 ml) was added dropwise to the mixture over 2 hours. After addition, the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Most of solvent was then evaporated under reduced pressure. Ethyl acetate (50 ml) and water (50 ml) were added. The ethyl acetate layer was separated and washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure to give 1.99 g of crude product, which was purified by on silica gel column with dichloromethane/methanol (from 100:0 to 95:5) to give the 1.50 g of pure product (yield: 76%) [Molecular Formula: C₆₃H₁₁₃N₁₁O₁₃; Exact Mass: 1231.85; MS (m/z): 1232.7 (M+1)⁺, 1254.7 (M+Na)⁺].

Example 3 [α-Methylmethanesulfonate-Sar]-3-cyclosporin

To a solution of [α-hydroxymethyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin (30 mg, 0.024 mmol) in dichloromethane (2 ml) at 0° C. were added triethylamine (52.8 μl, 0.38 mmol), and methanesulfonyl chloride (23 mg, 0.20 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for two hours. Then reaction mixture was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure to give 33 mg of crude product, which was directly used in next step reaction without further purification [Molecular Formula: C₆₄H₁₁₅N₁₁O₁₅S; Exact Mass: 1309.83; MS (m/z): 1310.7 (M+1)⁺].

Example 4 [α-Chloromethyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin

To a solution of [α-hydroxymethyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin (30 mg, 0.024 mmol) in dichloromethane (2 ml) at 0° C. were added triethylamine (52.8 μl, 0.384 mmol, 16 equivalents) and methanesulfonyl chloride (23 mg, 0.20 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Then the reaction mixture was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure to give 30 mg of crude product, which was directly used in next step reaction without further purification [Molecular Formula: C₆₃H₁₁₂ClN₁₁O₁₂; Exact Mass: 1249.82; MS (m/z): 1250.7 (M+1)⁺, 1272.9 (M+Na)⁺].

Example 5 [α-Methylene-Sar]-3-cyclosporin*

To a solution of either [α-methanesulfonatemethyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin (33 mg, 0.025 mmol) or [α-chloromethyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin (30 mg, 0.025 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (3 ml) was added sodium hydride (15.3 mg, 60% in oil, 0.38 mmol, 10 equivalents) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for one hour and then warmed up to room temperature for 30 minutes. After removal of solvent, the residue was dissolved in dichloromethane (20 ml). The dichloromethane layer was washed with 1 N hydrochloric acid, saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethylene/methanol (20/1) to give 16 mg of product (yield: 54%) [Molecular Formula: C₆₃H₁₁₁N₁₁O₁₂; Exact Mass: 1213.84; MS (m/z): 1214.7 (M+1)⁺, 1236.7 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.55 (ethyl acetate/methanol=20/1); HPLC RT: 7.0 min (C8 reverse phase column: 150 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

[α-Methylene-Sar]-3-cyclosporin can also be prepared by a method analogous to the procedure described in WO2012/051194A1 (which is incorporated herein by reference).

Example 6 [(S)-(2-(N,N-Dimethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin (Isomer B) and [(R)-(2-(N,N-Dimethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin (Isomer A)

To a solution of [α-methylene-Sar]-3-cyclosporine (0.60 g, 0.50 mmol) and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanethiol (0.63 g, 6.00 mmol) in methanol (20 ml) was added triethylamine (0.82 ml, 6.0 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. After removal of solvent, the residue was subjected to chromatography using dichloromethane/methanol as eluent to give 0.35 g of (R)-2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylthiomethyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin (isomer A) and 0.20 g of [(S)-2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylthiomethyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin (isomer B) [Molecular Formula: C₆₇H₁₂₂N₁₂O₁₂S; Exact Mass: 1218.9; MS (m/z): 1319.80 (M+1)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.20 (ethyl acetate/methanol=5/1); HPLC RT: 12.55 min (isomer A) and 13.22 min (isomer B) (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 7 [(S)-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin (Isomer B) and [(R)-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin (Isomer A)

To a solution of [α-methylene-Sar]-3-cyclosporin (0.31 g, 0.25 mmol) and 2-diethylaminoethanethiol (0.40 g, 3.00 mmol) in methanol (10 ml) was added triethylamine (0.41 ml, 3.00 mmol, 12 equivalents). The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. After removal of solvent, the residue was subjected to chromatography using dichloromethane/methanol as eluent to yield 0.20 g of [(R)-2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethylthiomethyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin (isomer A) and 0.08 g of [(S)-2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethylthiomethyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin (isomer B) [Molecular Formula: C₆₉H₁₂₆N₁₂O₁₂S; Exact Mass: 1346.93; MS (m/z): 1347.80 (M+1)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.23 (ethyl acetate/methanol=5/1); HPLC RT: 13.37 min (isomer A) and 13.91 min (isomer B) (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 8 [(R)-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(R)-α-hydroxymethyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin (0.36 g, 0.29 mmol) in benzene (30 ml) were added a solution of sodium hydroxide (1.20 g, 30 mmol) in water (2 ml), 2-bromo-N,N-diethylethylamine hydrobromide (3.80 g, 14.56 mmol) and tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (0.20 g, 0.62 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 30° C. for 20 hours. After diluted with ice water, the mixture was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (30 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=96/4) to give 210 mg of product [Molecular Formula: C₆₉H₁₂₆N₁₂O₁₃; Exact Mass: 1330.96; MS (m/z): 1331.71 (M+1)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.38 (dichloromethane/methanol=95/5); HPLC RT: 14.12 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/0.077% ammonium acetate in water; operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 9 [(R)-(tert-Butoxycarbonylmethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(R)-α-hydroxymethyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin (0.50 g, 0.41 mmol) in benzene (30 ml) were added a solution of sodium hydroxide (1.00 g, 25.00 mmol) in water (1 ml), t-butyl bromoacetate (3.20 g, 16.41 mmol) and tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (0.40 g, 1.24 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 hours. After diluted with ice water, the mixture was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (30 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (hexane/acetone=2/1) to give 0.41 g product [Molecular Formula: C₆₉H₁₂₃N₁₁O₁₅; Exact Mass: 1345.92; MS (m/z): 1346.61 (M+1)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.60 (dichloromethane/methanol=95/5); HPLC RT: 18.29 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/0.077% ammonium acetate in water; operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 10 [(R)-(Ethoxycarbonylmethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(R)-α-hydroxymethyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin (0.35 g, 0.28 mmol) in benzene (15 ml) were added a solution of sodium hydroxide (0.60 g, 15.00 mmol) in water (1 ml), ethyl bromoacetate (1.60 g, 9.58 mmol) and tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (0.20 g, 0.62 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 hours. After diluted with ice water, the mixture was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (15 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (hexane/acetone=2/1) to give 0.31 g of product [Molecular Formula: C₆₇H₁₁₉N₁₁O₁₅; Exact Mass: 1317.89; MS (m/z): 1318.46 (M+1)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.55 (dichloromethane/methanol=95/5); HPLC RT: 17.40 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/0.077% ammonium acetate in water; operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 11 [(R)-(Carboxymethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(R)-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)methoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin (0.18 g, 0.13 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 ml) were added trifluoroacetic acid (1 ml) and triethylsilane (10 drops). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours and concentrated under reduced pressure. Then dichloromethane (10 ml) and water (10 ml) were added and the mixture was separated. The dichloromethane layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by C-18 chromatography (acetonitrile/water) to give 75 mg of product [Molecular Formula: C₆₅H₁₁₅N₁₁O₁₅; Exact Mass: 1289.86; MS (m/z): 1290.56 (M+1)⁺; HPLC RT: 11.03 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 12 [(R)-(Carboxymethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin-sodium salt

To a solution of [(R)-(carboxymethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin (30 mg, 0.02 mmol) in methanol (1 ml) was added a solution of sodium hydroxide (1.00 mg, 0.02 mmol) in water (0.5 ml). The mixture was stirred at room temperature 1 hour and dried in high vacuum to give 28 mg of product [Molecular Formula: C₆₅H₁₁₄N₁₁NaO₁₅; Exact Mass: 1311.84; MS (m/z): 1290.56 (M+1−Na)⁺; HPLC RT: 10.98 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 13 [(R)-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(R)-(ethoxycarbonylmethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin (0.25 g, 0.19 mmol) in methanol (30 ml) were added lithium chloride (0.33 g, 7.85 mmol) and sodium borohydride (0.60 g, 15.89 mmol) in portions. After addition, the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Most of solvent was then evaporated under reduced pressure. Ethyl acetate (50 ml) and water (50 ml) were added. The ethyl acetate layer was separated and washed with brine (30 ml), dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified on silica gel column with (dichloromethane/methanol=95/5) to give the product [Molecular formula: C₆₅H₁₁₇N₁₁O₁₄; Exact Mass: 1275.88; MS (m/z): 1276.55 (M+1)⁺; TLC Rf: 0.39 (dichloromethane/methanol=9/1); HPLC RT: 15.31 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temp: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Example 14 [(R)-(2-(N,N-Dimethylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(R)-α-hydroxymethyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin (1.03 g, 0.84 mmol) in benzene (50 ml) were added a solution of sodium hydroxide (1.34 g, 33.47 mmol) in water (1.34 ml), tetramethylammonium hydroxide pentahydrate (3.04 g, 16.73 mmol) and 2-dimethylaminoethyl chloride hydrochloride (2.41 g, 16.73 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 days. Sodium bicarbonate saturated solution (100 ml) was added and the mixture was separated. Then the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (50 ml×2). The combined organic layers were dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. After purified on silica gel, 303 mg of product was obtained [Molecular Formula: C₆₇H₁₂₂N₁₂O₁₃; Exact Mass: 1302.93; MS (m/z): 1303.70 (M+1)⁺, 1325.85 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.36 (dichloromethane/methanol=9/1); HPLC RT: 18.19 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/0.077% ammonium acetate in water; operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 15 [(R)-(2-(N-Morpholino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(R)-α-hydroxymethyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin (0.27 g, 0.22 mmol) in benzene (20 ml) were added a solution of sodium hydroxide (0.70 g, 17.55 mmol) in water (0.70 ml), tetramethylammonium hydroxide pentahydrate (0.80 g, 4.39 mmol) and 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl chloride hydrochloride (0.82 g, 4.39 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 30 to 40° C. for a week. Sodium bicarbonate saturated solution (30 ml) was added and then the mixture was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (25 ml×2). The combined organic layers were dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. After purified on silica gel, 56 mg of product was obtained [Molecular Formula: C₆₉H₁₂₄N₁₂O₁₄; Exact Mass: 1344.94; MS (m/z): LCMS: 1345.72 (M+1)⁺, 1367.83 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.50 (dichloromethane/methanol=9/1); HPLC RT: 16.64 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/0.077% ammonium acetate in water; operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 16 [(R)-(2-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(R)-α-hydroxymethyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin (0.320 g, 0.26 mmol) in benzene (20 ml) were added a solution of sodium hydroxide (0.83 g, 20.80 mmol) in water (0.85 ml), tetramethylammonium hydroxide pentahydrate (0.95 g, 5.20 mmol) and 1-(2-chloroethyl)pyrrolidine hydrochloride (0.88 g, 5.20 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for a weekend. Sodium bicarbonate saturated solution (30 ml) was added and the mixture was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (25 ml×2). The combined organic layers were dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. After purified on silica gel, 103 mg of product was obtained [Molecular Formula: C₆₉H₁₂₄N₁₂O₁₃; Exact Mass: 1328.94; MS (m/z): 1329.75 (M+1)⁺, 1351.82 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.37 (dichloromethane/methanol=9/1); HPLC RT: 18.94 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/0.077% ammonium acetate in water; operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 17 [(R)-(2-(N-Piperidinyl)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(R)-α-hydroxymethyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin (0.28 g, 0.22 mmol) in benzene (20 ml) were added a solution of sodium hydroxide (0.36 g, 9.07 mmol) in water (0.36 ml), tetramethylammonium hydroxide pentahydrate (0.82 mg, 4.53 mmol) and 1-(2-chloroethyl)piperidine hydrochloride (0.83 g, 4.53 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 30 to 40° C. for 20 hours. Sodium bicarbonate saturated solution (30 ml) was added and the mixture was separated. Then the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (25 ml×2). The combined organic layers were dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. After purified on silica gel, 121 mg of product was obtained [Molecular Formula: C₇₀H₁₂₆N₁₂O₁₃; Exact Mass: 1342.96; MS (m/z): 1343.76 (M+1)⁺, 1365.83 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.44 (dichloromethane/methanol=9/1); HPLC RT: 19.26 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/0.077% ammonium acetate in water; operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 18 [(R)-(3,3-Dimethoxypropoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(R)-hydroxymethyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin (0.50 g, 0.41 mmol) in benzene (30 ml) were added a solution of sodium hydroxide (1.00 g, 25.00 mmol) in water (1 ml), 3-bromopropionaldehyde dimethyl acetal (1.80 g, 10.00 mmol) and tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (0.20 g, 0.62 mmol). After stirred at room temperature for 10 hours, the mixture was diluted with ice water and the mixture was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (20 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure to give 0.48 g of crude product, which was used for next step [Molecular Formula: C₆₈H₁₂₃N₁₁O₁₅; Exact Mass: 1333.92; MS (m/z): 1334.50 (M+1)⁺].

Example 19 [(R)-(2-Formylethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin

To a solution of crude [(R)-(3,3-dimethoxypropoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin (0.48 g, 0.36 mmol) in dichloromethane (30 ml) were added trifluoroacetic acid (5 ml) and water (4 ml) at 0° C. Then the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 3 hours. After the mixture was separated, the dichloromethane layer was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (20 ml), dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (hexane/acetone=2/1) to give 0.31 g of product [Molecular Formula: C₆₆H₁₁₇N₁₁O₁₄; Exact Mass: 1287.88; MS (m/z): 1288.63 (M+1)⁺].

Example 20 [(R)-(3-(N,N-Dimethylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(R)-(2-formylethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin (0.13 g, 0.10 mmol) in chloroform (5 ml) were added dimethylamine hydrochloride (0.10 g, 1.22 mmol) and acetic acid (5 drops). After the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes, tetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydride (65 mg, 0.25 mmol) was added in portions and stirring was continued for one hour. Then dichloromethane (10 ml) and saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (10 ml) were added and separated. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=96/4) to give 89 mg of product [Molecular Formula: C₆₈H₁₂₄N₁₂O₁₃; Exact Mass: 1316.94; MS (m/z): 1317.64 (M+1)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.39 (dichloromethane/methanol=95/5); HPLC RT: 13.92 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/0.077% ammonium acetate in water; operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 21 [(R)-(3-(N,N-Diethylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(R)-(2-formylethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin (100 mg, 0.08 mmol) in chloroform (4 ml) were added diethylamine (100 mg, 1.37 mmol) and acetic acid (4 drops). After the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes, tetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydride (50 mg, 0.19 mmol) was added in portions and stirring was continued for 1 hour. Then dichloromethane (10 ml) and saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (10 ml) were added and the mixture was separated. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=96/4) to give 56 mg of product [Molecular Formula: C₇₀H₁₂₈N₁₂O₁₃; Exact Mass: 1344.97; MS (m/z): 1345.71 (M+1)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.40 (dichloromethane/methanol=95/5); HPLC RT: 14.59 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/0.077% ammonium acetate in water; operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 22 [(R)-(3-(N-Morphlino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(R)-(2-formylethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin (300 mg, 0.23 mmol) in dichloromethane (15 ml) were added morpholine (101 mg, 1.16 mmol) and tetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydride (306 mg, 1.16 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for two hours. Then sodium bicarbonate saturated solution (30 ml) and dichloromethane (15 ml) were added and the mixture was separated. The dichloromethane layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. After purified on silica gel, 124 mg of product was obtained [Molecular Formula: C₇₀H₁₂₆N₁₂O₁₄; Exact Mass: 1358.95; MS (m/z): 1359.71 (M+1)⁺, 1381.79 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.40 (dichloromethane/methanol=9/1); HPLC RT: 14.2 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/0.077% ammonium acetate in water; operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 23 [(R)-(3-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(R)-α-hydroxymethyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin (315 mg, 0.24 mmol) in dichloromethane (15 ml) were added pyrrolidine (87 mg, 1.22 mmol) and tetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydride (322 mg, 1.22 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for two hours. Then sodium bicarbonate saturated solution (30 ml) and dichloromethane (15 ml) were added and the mixture was separated. The dichloromethane layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. After purified on silica gel, 22 mg of product was obtained [Molecular Formula: C₇₀H₁₂₆N₁₂O₁₃; Exact Mass: 1342.96; MS (m/z): 1343.75 (M+1)⁺, 1365.82 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.33 (dichloromethane/methanol=9/1); HPLC RT: 14.3 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/0.077% ammonium acetate in water; operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 24 [(R)-(3-(N-Piperidinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(R)-(2-formylethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporine (350 mg, 0.27 mmol) in dichloromethane (20 ml) were added piperidine (115 mg, 1.34 mmol) and tetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydride (352 mg, 1.34 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. Then sodium bicarbonate saturated solution (30 ml) and dichloromethane (15 ml) were added and the mixture was separated. The dichloromethane layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. After purified on silica gel, 35 mg of product was obtained [Molecular Formula: C₇₁H₁₂₈N₁₂O₁₃; Exact Mass: 1356.97; MS (m/z): 1357.76 (M+1)⁺, 1379.83 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.36 (dichloromethane/methanol=9/1); HPLC RT: 14.4 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/0.077% ammonium acetate in water; operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 25 [α-Carboxy-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of LDA (2.0 M in tetrahydrofuran, 23 ml, 46 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (80 ml) at −78° C. under nitrogen, [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (4.40 g, 3.61 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (15 ml) was added over 3 min. After the mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 3 hours, carbon dioxide gas was bubbled into the reaction mixture for 1 hour. Then the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature slowly and kept stirring for 3 hours. Most of tetrahydrofuran was evaporated. Dichloromethane (100 ml) and water (50 ml) were added. The PH of the mixture was adjusted to around 5 by adding aqueous citric acid solution. The mixture was separated and the organic layer was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure to give 3.20 g of crude product, which was used for next step without purification [Molecular Formula: C₆₃H₁₁₁N₁₁O₁₅; Exact Mass: 1261.83; MS (m/z): 1262.49 (M+1)⁺].

[(γ-Hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin was prepared by Sebekia benihana biotransformation according to a method described by Kuhnt M. et al., 1996, Microbial Biotransformation Products of Cyclosporin A, J. Antibiotics, 49 (8), 781.

Example 26 [α-Methoxycarbonyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a mixture of [α-carboxy-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (3.20 g 2.53 mmol) and potassium carbonate (1.30 g, 9.40 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (20 ml) was added iodomethane (1.80 g, 12.70 mmol). The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. Dichloromethane (80 ml) and water (50 ml) were added and the mixture was separated. The dichloromethane layer was washed with water (25 ml) and brine (25 ml), dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure to give crude 3.00 g of product [Molecular Formula: C₆₄H₁₁₃N₁₁O₁₅; Exact Mass: 1275.84; MS (m/z): 1276.75 (M+1)⁺].

Example 27 [(R)-α-Hydroxymethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a suspension of [α-methoxycarbonyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (3.00 g, 2.35 mmol) and lithium chloride (1.50 g, 35.30 mmol) in methanol (100 ml) was added sodium borohydride (2.50 g, 66.10 mmol) in portions. The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. Most of solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Dichloromethane (80 ml) and water (50 ml) were added and the mixture was separated. The dichloromethane layer was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=96/4) to give 1.30 g of product [Molecular Formula: C₆₃H₁₁₃N₁₁O₁₄; Exact Mass: 1247.85; MS (m/z): 1248.48 (M+1)⁺; ¹H NMR spectrum (600 MHz, CDCl₃, δ in ppm): 0.68 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 3H), 0.80-1.00 (m, 30H), 1.07 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 3H), 1.16-1.29 (m, 10H), 1.32 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.39-1.46 (m, 2H), 1.59-1.63 (m, 6H), 1.68-1.83 (m, 7H), 2.02-2.11 (m, 4H), 2.31-2.33 (m, 1H), 2.37-2.42 (m, 2H), 2.67 (s, 6H), 3.09 (s, 3H), 3.19 (s, 3H), 3.20 (s, 3H), 3.22 (s, 3H), 3.47 (s, 3H), 3.72-3.75 (m, 1H), 3.82 (br, 1H), 3.97-3.99 (m, 1H), 4.07-4.10 (m, 1H), 4.50-4.52 (m, 1H), 4.65-4.67 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.79-4.81 (m, 1H), 4.90-4.95 (m, 2H), 5.00-5.05 (m, 2H), 5.09 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 1H), 5.30-5.35 (m, 2H), 5.46 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 5.52-5.53 (m, 1H), 5.66-5.68 (m, 1H), 7.12 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.87-7.89 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H)].

Example 28 [α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin Method 1

To a solution of [α-hydroxymethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (250 mg, 0.20 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 mL) at room temperature were added triethylamine (0.33 mL, d 0.726, 2.40 mmol) and triethylamine hydrochloride (95.6 mg, 1.00 mmol), followed by adding p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (0.23 g, 1.20 mmol) under stirring. The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Then the reaction mixture was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The reaction mixture of [α-chloromethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [Molecular formula: C₆₃H₁₁₂ClN₁₁O₁₃; Exact Mass: 1265.81; MS (m/z): 1266.32 (M+1)⁺, 1288.43 (M+Na)⁺] and [α-p-toluenesulfonylmethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [Molecular formula: C₇₀H₁₁₉N₁₁O₁₆S; Exact Mass: 1401.856; MS (m/z): 1402.34 (M+1)⁺, 1424.62 (M+Na)⁺] was directly used in next step reaction without further purification. To a solution of the above mixture in tetrahydrofuran (20 ml) was added sodium hydride (320 mg, 60% in oil, 8 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for one hour and then warmed up to room temperature for 30 minutes. The reaction was quenched with a saturated ammonia chloride solution. After removing tetrahydrofuran, the crude product was extracted with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate layer was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel using ethyl acetate/methanol (20/1) to give 45 mg of product (yield: 18%) [Molecular formula: C₆₃H₁₁₁N₁₁O₁₃; Exact Mass: 1229.84; MS (m/z): 1230.6 (M+1)⁺, 1252.82 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.50 (ethyl acetate/methanol=10/1); HPLC RT: 15.38 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm); ¹H NMR spectrum (600 MHz, CDCl₃, δ in ppm): 0.72 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 3H), 0.84-1.00 (m, 30H), 1.17-1.26 (m, 15H), 1.34 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 3H), 1.44-1.47 (m, 2H), 1.59-1.62 (m, 6H), 1.69-1.76 (m, 4H), 1.94-1.99 (m, 1H), 2.09-2.13 (m, 3H), 2.34-2.37 (m, 3H), 2.65 (s, 3H), 2.67 (s, 3H), 3.09 (s, 3H)), 3.10 (s, 3H), 3.19 (s, 3H), 3.44 (s, 3H), 3.46 (s, 3H), 3.80 (m, 1H), 3.91 (m, 1H), 4.47-4.50 (m, 1H), 4.68-4.71 (t, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 4.78-4.81 (m, 1H), 4.98-5.02 (m, 2H), 5.06-5.11 (m, 3H), 5.24 (s, 1H), 5.32 (m, 2H), 5.41-5.43 (m, 2H), 5.64-5.66 (m, 1H), 7.11 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.74 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H)].

Method 2

[(R)-α-Hydroxymethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (crude, 2.00 g), carbon tetrabromide (2.66 g, 8.02 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (2.11 g, 8.02 mmol) were dissolved in dichloromethane (30 ml). The mixture was stirred under nitrogen at room temperature for two hours. Then the mixture was added into a suspension of sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil) (0.77 g, 19.25 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (30 ml) under nitrogen at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for one hour. Most of solvents then were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was treated with water (10 ml) slowly at 0° C. Ethyl acetate (30 ml) and water (30 ml) were added and the mixture was separated. The ethyl acetate layer was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (hexane/acetone from 90/10 to 70/30) to give 0.68 g product of [α-methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [Molecular Formula: C₆₃H₁₁₁N₁₁O₁₃; Exact Mass: 1229.84; MS (m/z): 1230.50 (M+1)⁺, 1252.68 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.50 (ethyl acetate/methanol=10/1); HPLC RT: 15.36 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Method 3

To a solution of [(R)-α-hydroxymethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (250 mg, 0.20 mmol) in methylene chloride (10 mL) was added dropwise 1-chloro-N,N,2-trimethyl-1-propenylamine (131 μl, d 1.01, 1.0 mmol) at 0° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. After stirred for 30 minutes at 0° C., the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for another hour. The reaction mixture was washed with sodium bicarbonate solution, brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The crude product containing [α-chloromethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [Molecular formula: C₆₃H₁₁₂ClN₁₁O₁₃; Exact Mass: 1265.81; MS (m/z): 1266.32 (M+1)⁺, 1288.43 (M+Na)] was used in next step reaction without further purification. To a solution of the above crude product in tetrahydrofuran (20 ml) was added sodium hydride (320 mg, 60% in oil, 8 mmol) at 0° C. under stirring. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for one hour and then warmed up to room temperature for another 30 minutes. The reaction was then quenched with a saturated ammonia chloride solution. After removing tetrahydrofuran, the residue was extracted with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate layer was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel using ethyl acetate/methanol (20/1) to give 33 mg of product (yield: 13%) [Molecular formula: C₆₃H₁₁₁N₁₁O₁₃; Exact Mass: 1229.84; MS (m/z): 1230.45 (M+1)⁺, 1252.65 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.50 (ethyl acetate/methanol=10/1); HPLC RT: 15.36 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Method 4

n-Buli (2.2 M, 49.30 ml, 108.46 mmol) was added into a solution of diisopropylamine (15.39 ml, 108.46 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (150 ml) at −78° C. under nitrogen. After the reaction mixture was stirred for an hour, a solution of [(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (12.00 g, 9.86 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (30 ml) was added over 10 min. The stirring was continued at −78° C. for two hours. Carbon dioxide gas was bubbled through the reaction mixture for two hour and the mixture was stirred at −78° C. for another hour. Then the cooling bath was removed and the reaction mixture was allowed to warm up to room temperature slowly with bubbling out of unreacted carbon dioxide. The mixture was cooled to about 0-5° C. by ice bath and chloromethyl chloroformate (13.98 g, 108.46 mmol) was added. The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for overnight. Water (30 ml) was added to quench the reaction. Most of solvent was then evaporated under reduced pressure. Ethyl acetate (100 ml) and water (80 ml) were added. The ethyl acetate layer was separated and washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography with hexane/acetone (from 90:10 to 70:30) as eluent to give 4.74 g of pure product of [α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin* [Molecular Formula: C₆₃H₁₁₁N₁₁O₁₃; Exact Mass: 1229.84; MS (m/z): 1230.39 (M+1)⁺, 152.59 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.50 (ethyl acetate/methanol=10/1); HPLC RT: 15.38 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Synthesis of [α-Methylene-Sar]-3-cyclosporin can also be prepared using a method analogous to that described in WO2012/051194A1.

Example 29 [(S)-(Methoxycarbonylmethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (0.25 g, 0.20 mmol) and methylmercaptoacetate (0.24 g, 2.00 mmol) were dissolved in acetonitrile (15 ml), followed by adding 20 equivalents of potassium carbonate (0.55 g, 4.0 mmol). The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. After removal of solvents, the residue was dissolved in dichloromethane (20 ml). The dichloromethane solution was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was subject to the flash chromatography using ethyl acetate/methanol as eluent to give product. [Molecular formula: C₆₆H₁₁₇N₁₁O₁₅S; Exact Mass: 1335.84; MS (m/z): 1336.50 (M+1)⁺, 1358.80 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.30 (ethyl acetate/methanol=20/1); HPLC RT: 14.33 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temp: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Example 30 [(S)-(2-Aminoethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (0.86 g, 0.70 mmol) and 2-aminoethanethiol hydrochloride (0.80 g, 7.00 mmol) were dissolved in methanol (80 ml), followed by adding 20 equivalents of lithium hydroxide (0.17 g, 7.00 mmol). The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. After removal of solvent, the residue was subjected to the flash chromatography using dichloromethane/methanol as eluent to give 0.60 g of product [Molecular Formula: C₆₅H₁₁₈N₁₂O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1306.87; MS (m/z): 1307.56 (M+1)⁺, 1329.73 (M+Na)⁺, TLC R_(f): 0.025 (dichloromethane/methanol=5/1); HPLC RT: 10.97 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 31 [(S)-(2-(N,N-Dimethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (Isomer B) and [(R)-(2-(N,N-Dimethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (Isomer A)

[α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (0.62 g, 0.50 mmol) and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanethiol (0.49 g, 6.00 mmol) were dissolved in methanol (30 ml) followed by adding triethylamine (0.82 ml, 6.00 mmol). The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. After removal of solvent, the residue was subjected to chromatography using dichloromethane/methanol as eluent to yield 0.41 g of [(R)-(2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (isomer A) and 0.18 g of [(S)-(2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (isomer B) [Molecular Formula: C₆₇H₁₂₂N₁₂O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1334.9; MS (m/z): 1335.7 (M+1)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.05 (ethyl acetate/methanol=5/1); HPLC RT: 10.88 min (isomer A) and 11.30 min (isomer B) (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 32 [(S)-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (Isomer B) and [(R)-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (Isomer A)

[α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (0.31 g, 0.25 mmol) and 2-diethylaminoethanethiol (0.40 g, 3.00 mmol) were dissolved in methanol (30 ml), followed by adding triethylamine (0.41 ml, 3.00 mmol). The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. After removal of solvent, the residue was subjected to chromatography using dichloromethane/methanol as eluent to yield 0.15 g of [(R)-(2-(N,N-diethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (isomer A) and 0.10 g of [(S)-(2-(N,N-diethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (isomer B) [Molecular Formula: C₆₉H₁₂₆N₁₂O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1362.93; MS (m/z): 1363.75 (M+1)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.1 (ethyl acetate/methanol=5/1); HPLC RT: 11.64 min (isomer A) and 11.85 min (isomer B) (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 33 [(S)-(2-(N-Isopropylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[(S)-(2-(Amino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (0.31 g, 0.25 mmol) and acetone (0.40 ml, 5.44 mmol) were dissolved in chloroform (30 ml), followed by adding 2.5 equivalents of tetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydride (164 mg, 0.63 mmol) in portions and a few drops of acetic acid. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for two hours. Then the reaction mixture was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using methylene/methanol as eluent to give 0.25 g of pure product [Molecular Formula: C₆₈H₁₂₄N₁₂O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1348.91; MS (m/z): 1349.59 (M+1)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.1 (ethyl acetate/methanol=5/1); HPLC RT: 11.97 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 34 [(S)-(2-(N-Isopropyl-N-methylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[(S)-(2-(N-Isopropylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (49 mg, 0.034 mmol) and formaldehyde (100 μl, 37% in water) were mixed with chloroform (10 ml), followed by adding 2.5 equivalents of tetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydride (22 mg, 0.085 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for two hours. Then the reaction mixture was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane/methanol as eluent to give 30 mg of pure product [Molecular Formula: C₆₉H₁₂₆N₁₂O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1362.93; MS (m/z): 1363.72 (M+1)⁺, 1385.81 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.15 (ethyl acetate/methanol=5:1); HPLC RT: 12.26 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 35 [(S)-(2-(N-Ethyl-N-isopropylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[(S)-(2-(N-Isopropylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (49 mg, 0.034 mmol) and acetaldehyde (100 μl, 37% in water) were mixed with chloroform (10 ml), followed by adding 2.5 equivalents of tetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydride (22 mg, 0.085 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for two hours. Then the reaction mixture was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane/methanol as eluent to give 37 mg of pure product [Molecular Formula: C₇₀H₁₂₈N₁₂O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1376.94; MS (m/z): 1377.84 (M+1)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.15 (ethyl acetate/methanol=5/1); HPLC RT: 12.36 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 36 [(S)-(2-(N-Isobutylamino-N-isopropyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[(S)-(2-(N-isopropylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (0.25 g, 0.20 mmol) and isobutyraldehyde (91 μl, 10 mmol) were dissolved in chloroform (30 ml), followed by adding 2.5 equivalents of tetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydride (0.13 g, 0.50 mmol) in portion. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for two hours. Then the reaction mixture was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane/methanol as eluent to give 19 mg of pure product [Molecular Formula: C₇₂H₁₃₂N₁₂O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1404.98; MS (m/z): 1405.89 (M+1)⁺, 1427.94 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.25 (ethyl acetate/methanol=5/1); HPLC RT: 14.46 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 37 [(S)-(2-(N,N-Diisobutylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[(S)-(2-Aminoethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (42 mg, 0.032 mmol) and isobutyraldehyde (15 μl, 0.165 mmol) were dissolved in chloroform (10 ml), followed by adding 2.5 equivalents of tetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydride (21 mg, 0.080 mmol) in portions. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for two hours. Then the reaction mixture was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane/methanol as eluent to give 23 mg of pure product [Molecular Formula: C₇₃H₁₃₄N₁₂O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1418.99; MS (m/z): 1419.73 (M+1)⁺, 1441.87 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.36 (ethyl acetate/methanol=5:1); HPLC RT: 14.46 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 38 [(S)-(2-(N-Neopentylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[(S)-(2-(Amino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (0.45 g, 0.34 mmol) and pivalaldehyde (100 μl, 37% in water) were mixed with chloroform (50 ml), followed by adding 2.5 equivalents of tetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydride (0.22 g, 0.85 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for two hours. Then the reaction mixture was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane/methanol as eluent to give 11 mg of pure product [Molecular Formula: C₇₀H₁₂₈N₁₂O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1376.94; MS (m/z): 1377.72 (M+1)⁺, 1399.82 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.15 (ethyl acetate/methanol=5/1); HPLC RT: 12.36 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 39 [(S)-(2-(N-Methyl-N-neopentylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[(S)-(2-(N-Neopentylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (49 mg, 0.034 mmol) and formaldehyde (100 μl, 37% in water) were mixed with chloroform (10 ml), followed by adding 2.5 equivalents of tetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydride (22 mg, 0.085 mmol. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for two hours. Then the reaction mixture was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane/methanol as eluent to give 31 mg of pure product [Molecular Formula: C₇₁H₁₃₀N₁₂O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1390.96; MS (m/z): 1391.71 (M+1)⁺, 1413.86 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.25 (ethyl acetate/methanol=5/1); HPLC RT: 13.28 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 40 [(S)-(2-(N-Ethyl-N-neopentylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[(S)-(2-(N-Neopentylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (46 mg, 0.034 mmol) and acetaldehyde (10 μl, 0.17 mmol) were dissolved in chloroform/methanol, followed by adding 2.5 equivalents of tetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydride (22 mg, 0.085 mmol) in portions. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for two hours. Then the reaction mixture was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane/methanol as eluent to give 28 mg of product [Molecular Formula: C₇₂H₁₃₂N₁₂O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1404.98; MS (m/z): 1405.75 (M+1)⁺, 1427.95 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.25 (ethyl acetate/methanol=5/1); HPLC RT: 13.65 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 41 [(S)-(2-(N-Morpholino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [α-methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (260 mg, 0.21 mmol) and 2-morpholinoethanethiol (300 mg, 2.04 mmol) in methanol (30 ml) was added lithium hydroxide (140 mg, 5.83 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Most of solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Dichloromethane (30 ml) and water (30 ml) were added and the mixture was separated. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=97/3) to give 102 mg of product [Molecular Formula: C₆₉H₁₂₄N₁₂O₁₄S; Exact Mass: 1376.91; MS (m/z): 1399.85 (M+Na)⁺; TLC Rf: 0.30 (dichloromethane/methanol=9/1); HPLC RT: 11.03 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/0.077% ammonium acetate in water; operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm); ¹H NMR spectrum (600 MHz, CDCl₃, δ in ppm): 0.68 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.79 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.82 (m, 6H,), 0.85 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.88 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.90 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.93 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.97-1.00 (m, 9H), 1.08 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 1.21-1.25 (m, 11H), 1.31 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.39-1.47 (m, 2H), 1.54-1.61 (m, 8H), 1.66-1.70 (m, 2H), 1.75 (m, 1H), 2.01-2.11 (m, 4H), 2.36-2.43 (m, 7H), 2.55-2.59 (m, 2H), 2.67 (m, 8H), 2.93-3.04 (m, 2H), 3.10 (s, 3H), 3.24 (s, 6H), 3.26 (s, 3H), 3.48 (s, 3H), 3.52 (br, 1H), 3.67 (m, 6H), 4.51 (m, 1H), 4.59 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.81 (m, 1H), 4.94-5.00 (m, 2H), 5.04 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 5.08 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 1H), 5.27-5.31 (m, 1H), 5.33-5.37 (m, 1H), 5.48 (m, 2H), 5.67 (m, 1H), 7.14 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.11 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H)].

Example 42 [(S)-(2-(N-Piperidinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (0.37 g, 0.30 mmol) and 2-(N-piperidino)ethylthiol (0.44 g, 3.00 mmol) were dissolved in methanol (30 ml), followed by adding 10 equivalents of lithium hydroxide. The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. After removal of solvent, the residue was dissolved in dichloromethane (30 ml). The dichloromethane solution was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography using dichloromethane/methanol as eluent to give 0.20 g of product [Molecular Formula: C₇₀H₁₂₆N₁₂O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1374.93; MS (m/z): 1375.65 (M+1)⁺, 1397.80 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.18 (ethyl acetate/methanol=5/1); HPLC RT: 12.09 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 43 [(S)-2-(N-piperazinylethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (1.37 g, 1.11 mmol) and 2-mercaptoethylpiperazine (0.49 g, 3.33 mmol) were dissolved in methanol (25 ml), followed by adding lithium hydroxide (0.26 g, 11.10 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Most of solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was mixed with ethyl acetate (60 ml) and saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (60 ml) and separated. The ethyl acetate layer was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane/methanol as eluent to give product [Molecular Formula: C₆₉H₁₂₅N₁₃O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1375.92; MS (m/z): 1376.55 (M+1)⁺, 1398.69 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.11 (dichloromethane/methanol=9:1); HPLC RT: 8.06 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 44 [(S)-(2-(4-Methyl-N-piperazinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (0.30 g, 0.24 mmol) and 2-(4-methylpiperazino)ethylthiol (0.42 g, 2.62 mmol) were dissolved in methanol (30 ml), followed by adding 10 equivalents of lithium hydroxide. The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. After removal of solvent, the residue was dissolved in methylene chloride (30 ml). The dichloromethane solution was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography using dichloromethane/methanol as eluent to give 0.22 g of product [Molecular Formula: C₇₀H₁₂₇N₁₃O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1389.94; MS (m/z): 1390.9 (M+1)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.08 (ethyl acetate/methanol=5/1); HPLC RT: 10.07 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 45 [(S)-(2-(4-Ethyl-N-piperazinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (0.30 g, 0.24 mmol) and 3-(1-ethyl-4-piperazino)ethylthiol (0.30 g, 1.72 mmol) were dissolved in methanol (15 ml), followed by adding lithium hydroxide (58 mg, 2.41 mmol). The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. Then most of the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Dichloromethane (30 ml) and water (30 ml) were added and separated. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=94/6) to give product [Molecular formula: C₇₁H₁₂₉N₁₃O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1403.96; MS (m/z): 1404.55 (M+1)⁺; TLC Rf: 0.30 (dichloromethane/methanol=85/15); HPLC RT: 8.83 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temp: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Example 46 [(S)-2-(4-Propyl-N-piperazinylethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[(S)-(2-(N-piperazinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (80 mg, 0.058 mmol) and propionaldehyde (MW 58.08, d 0.81, 42 μl, 0.580 mmol) were dissolved in dichloromethane (25 ml), followed by adding tetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydride (153 mg, 0.580 mmol) in portions and acetic acid (3 drops). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Then the reaction mixture was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane and methanol as eluent to give product [Molecular Formula: C₇₂H₁₃₁N₁₃O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1417.97; MS (m/z): 1418.60 (M+1)⁺, 1440.79 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.37 (dichloromethane/methanol=9:1); HPLC RT: 9.61 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 47 [(S)-(2-(4-Isobutyl-N-piperazinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[(S)-(2-(N-piperazinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (80 mg, 0.058 mmol) and isobutyraldehyde (MW 72.11, d 0.794, 53 μl, 0.58 mmol) were dissolved in dichloromethane (25 ml), followed by adding tetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydride (153 mg, 0.58 mmol) in portions and acetic acid (3 drops). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Then the reaction mixture was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane and methanol as eluent to give product [Molecular Formula: C₇₃H₁₃₃N₁₃O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1431.99; MS (m/z): 1432.63 (M+1)⁺, 1454.78 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.44 (dichloromethane/methanol=9:1); HPLC RT: 10.08 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 48 [(S)-(2-(4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-N-piperazinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[(S)-(2-(N-piperazinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (80 mg, 0.058 mmol) and 2-bromoethanol (FW 124.97, d 1.762, 41 μl, 0.58 mmol) were dissolved in dichloromethane (15 ml), followed by adding sodium carbonate (15.4 mg, 0.15 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for a weekend. Then the reaction mixture was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane and methanol as eluent to give 20.8 mg of product [Molecular Formula: C₇₁H₁₂₉N₁₃O₁₄S; Exact Mass: 1419.95; MS (m/z): 1420.52 (M+1)⁺, 1442.72 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.20 (dichloromethane/methanol=9:1); HPLC RT: 8.79 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 49 [(S)-(2-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [α-methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (280 mg, 0.23 mmol) and 2-(N-pyrrolidinyl)ethanethiol (280 mg, 2.14 mmol) in methanol (30 ml) was added lithium hydroxide (114 mg, 4.75 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. Most of solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Dichloromethane (30 ml) and water (30 ml) were added and the mixture was separated. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=96/4) to give 126 mg of product [Molecular Formula: C₆₉H₁₂₄N₁₂O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1360.91; MS (m/z): 1361.80 (M+1)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.23 (dichloromethane/methanol=95/5); HPLC RT: 11.59 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/0.077% ammonium acetate in water; operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 50 [(S)-(2-Hydroxylethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (200 mg, 0.16 mmol) and 2-mercaptoethanol (MW 78.13, d 1.114, 112 μl, 1.60 mmol) were dissolved in methanol (10 ml), followed by adding lithium hydroxide (23 mg, 0.96 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Most of solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was mixed with ethyl acetate (20 ml) and saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (20 ml) and separated. The ethyl acetate layer was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane/methanol as eluent to give product [Molecular Formula: C₆₅H₁₁₇N₁₁O₁₄S; Exact Mass: 1307.85; MS (m/z): 1308.44 (M+1)⁺, 1330.68 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.41 (dichloromethane/methanol=9:1); HPLC RT: 12.61 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 51 [(S)-2-Ethoxyethylthiomethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [α-methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (150 mg, 0.12 mmol) and 2-ethoxyethanethiol (160 mg, 1.51 mmol) in methanol (10 ml) was added lithium hydroxide (50 mg, 2.08 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Then most of solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Dichloromethane (30 ml) and water (30 ml) were added and separated. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (ethyl acetate/methanol=97/3) to give a pure product [Molecular formula: C₆₇H₁₂₁N₁₁O₁₄S; Exact Mass: 1335.88; MS (m/z): 1336.49 (M+1)⁺; TLC Rf: 0.43 (dichloromethane/methanol=97/3); HPLC RT: 15.51 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temp: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Example 52 [(S)-(2-(Ethoxycarbonylmethoxy)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(S)-(2-hydroxyethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (0.28 g, 0.21 mmol) in benzene (15 ml) were added a solution of sodium hydroxide (0.60 g, 15.00 mmol) in water (1 ml), ethyl bromoacetate (1.50 g, 8.98 mmol) and tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (0.20 g, 0.62 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 hours. After diluted with ice water, the mixture was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (15 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (ethyl acetate/methanol=97/3) to give a pure product [Molecular Formula: C₆₉H₁₂₃N₁₁O₁₆S; Exact Mass: 1393.89; MS (m/z): 1394.48 (M+1)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.45 (dichloromethane/methanol=95/5); HPLC RT: 15.28 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temp: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Example 53 [(S)-(2-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a suspension of [(S)-((ethoxycarbonylmethoxy)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (100 mg, 0.07 mmol) and lithium chloride (15 mg, 0.35 mmol) in methanol (10 ml) was added sodium borohydride (125 mg, 3.29 mmol) in portions. The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature for 6 hours. Most of solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Dichloromethane (50 ml) and water (200 ml) were added and separated. The dichloromethane layer was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=97/3) to give the product [Molecular formula: C₆₇H₁₂₁N₁₁O₁₅S; Exact Mass: 1351.88; MS (m/z): 1352.46 (M+1)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.32 (dichloromethane/methanol=95/5); HPLC RT: 12.87 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temp: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Example 54 [(S)-(2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [α-methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (300 mg, 0.24 mmol) and 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethanethiol (330 mg, 2.42 mmol) in methanol (20 ml) was added lithium hydroxide (60 mg, 2.50 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Then most of solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Dichloromethane (30 ml) and water (30 ml) were added and separated. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (ethyl acetate/methanol=97/3) to give a pure product [Molecular formula: C₆₈H₁₂₃N₁₁O₁₅S; Exact Mass: 1365.89; MS (m/z): 1366.49 (M+1)⁺; TLC Rf: 0.37 (dichloromethane/methanol=97/3); HPLC RT: 14.72 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temp: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Example 55 [(S)-(3-Aminopropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (3.00 g, 2.44 mmol) and 3-aminopropanethiol (1.33 g, 14.59 mmol) were dissolved in methanol (80 ml), followed by adding lithium hydroxide (0.35 g, 14.65 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for a weekend. After removal of solvent, the residue was purified by chromatography using dichloromethane/methanol as eluent to give product [Molecular Formula: C₆₆H₁₂₀N₁₂O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1320.88; MS (m/z): 1321.52 (M+1)⁺, 1343.67 (M+Na)⁺, TLC R_(f): 0.028 (dichloromethane/methanol=5/1); HPLC RT: 10.24 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 56 [(S)-(3-(N,N-Dimethylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (0.30 g, 0.24 mmol) and 3-(N,N-dimethyl)propylthiol (0.36 g, 2.40 mmol) were dissolved in methanol (25 ml), followed by adding lithium hydroxide (59 mg, 2.44 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. After removal of solvent, the residue was purified by flash chromatography using dichloromethane/methanol as eluent to give 0.18 g of pure product [Molecular Formula: C₆₈H₁₂₄N₁₂O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1348.91; MS (m/z): 1349.70 (M+1)⁺, 1371.83 (M+Na); TLC R_(f): 0.15 (ethyl acetate/methanol=5/1); HPLC RT: 11.53 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 57 [(S)-(3-(N,N-Diethylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (0.30 g, 0.24 mmol) and 3-(N,N-dimethyl)propylthiol (0.36 g, 2.44 mmol) were dissolved in methanol (25 ml), followed by adding lithium chloride (59 mg, 2.4 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. After removal of solvent, the residue was purified by flash chromatography using dichloromethane/methanol as eluent to give 0.30 g of product [Molecular Formula: C₇₀H₁₂₈N₁₂O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1376.94; MS (m/z): 1377.90 (M+1)⁺, 1399.76 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.17 (ethyl acetate/methanol=5/1); HPLC RT: 12.06 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 58 [(S)-(3-(N-Isopropylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[(S)-(3-Aminopropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (150 mg, 0.11 mmol) and acetone (MW 58.08, d 0.791, 42 μl, 0.57 mmol) were dissolved in 10 ml of dichloromethane, followed by adding tetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydride (74.7 mg, 0.28 mmol) in portions and a few drops of acetic acid. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for two hours. Then the reaction mixture was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane/methanol as eluent to give product [Molecular Formula: C₆₉H₁₂₆N₁₂O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1362.93; MS (m/z): 1363.60 (M+1)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.38 (dichloromethane/methanol=9/1); HPLC RT: 10.89 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 59 [(S)-(3-(N-Ethyl-N-isopropylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [α-methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (200 mg, 0.16 mmol) and 3-(N-ethyl-N-isopropylamino)propylthiol (200 mg, 1.25 mmol) in methanol (25 ml) was added lithium hydroxide (89 mg, 3.71 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Then most of solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Dichloromethane (30 ml) and water (30 ml) were added and the mixture was separated. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=97/3) to give 88 mg of product [Molecular Formula: C₇₁H₁₃₀N₁₂O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1390.96; MS (m/z): 1413.81 (M+Na)⁺; TLC Rf: 0.40 (dichloromethane/methanol=9/1); HPLC RT: 12.49 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/0.077% ammonium acetate in water; operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 60 [(S)-(3-(N-Isobutylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[(S)-(3-Aminopropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (150 mg, 0.11 mmol) and isobutyraldehyde (MW 72.11, d 0.794, 15 μl, 0.17 mmol) were dissolved in dichloromethane (25 ml), followed by adding a few drops of acetic acid and tetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydride (30 mg, 0.11 mmol) in portions. The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Then the reaction mixture was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (25 ml) and brine (25 ml), dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane/methanol as eluent to give product [Molecular Formula: C₇₀H₁₂₈N₁₂O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1376.94; MS (m/z): 1477.56 (M+1)⁺, 1399.71 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.18 (dichloromethane/methanol=9:1); HPLC RT: 11.70 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 61 [(S)-(3-(N,N-Diisobutylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[(S)-(3-Aminopropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (150 mg, 0.11 mmol) and isobutyraldehyde (MW 72.11, d 0.794, 15 μl, 0.17 mmol) were dissolved in dichloromethane (25 ml), followed by adding a few drops of acetic acid and tetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydride (30 mg, 0.11 mmol in portions. The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Then the reaction mixture was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (25 ml) and brine (25 ml), dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane/methanol as eluent to give product [Molecular Formula: C₇₃H₁₃₄N₁₂O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1433.01; MS (m/z): 1433.64 (M+1)⁺, 1455.78 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.24 (dichloromethane/methanol=95:5); HPLC RT: 14.45 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 62 [(S)-(3-(N-Neopentylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[(S)-(3-Aminopropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (50 mg, 0.04 mmol) and pivalaldehyde (MW 86.13, d 0.793, 21 μl, 0.19 mmol) were mixed with 20 ml of dichloromethane, followed by adding tetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydride (24.9 mg, 0.10 mmol) and a few drops of acetic acid. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 6 hours. Then the reaction mixture was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (30 ml) and brine (30 ml), dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane/methanol as eluent to give product [Molecular Formula: C₇₁H₁₃₀N₁₂O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1390.96; MS (m/z): 1391.54 (M+1)⁺, 1413.69 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.24 (dichloromethane/methanol=5/1); HPLC RT: 13.21 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 63 [(S)-(3-(N-Piperidinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [α-methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (250 mg, 0.20 mmol) and 3-(N-piperidinyl)propanethiol (318 mg, 2.00 mmol) in methanol (30 ml) was added lithium hydroxide (96 mg, 4.00 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Then most of solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Dichloromethane (30 ml) and water (30 ml) were added and the mixture was separated. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=96/4) to give 135 mg of product [Molecular Formula: C₇₁H₁₂₈N₁₂O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1388.94; MS (m/z): 1389.84 (M+1)⁺; TLC Rf: 0.30 (dichloromethane/methanol=95/5); HPLC RT: 12.19 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/0.077% ammonium acetate in water; operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm); ¹H NMR spectrum (600 MHz, CDCl₃, δ in ppm): 0.68 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 3H), 0.79 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 3H), 0.82-0.86 (m, 9H), 0.88 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.93 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.97-1.00 (m, 9H), 1.09 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 1.21-1.24 (m, 11H), 1.31-1.46 (m, 8H), 1.53 (m, 5H), 1.61 (m, 11H), 1.67-1.70 (m, 2H), 1.74-1.76 (m, 2H), 1.99-2.11 (m, 4H), 2.31-2.35 (m, 4H), 2.37-2.41 (m, 2H), 2.53-2.60 (m, 2H), 2.67 (s, 6H), 2.91-2.98 (m. 2H), 3.09 (s, 3H), 3.24 (s, 6H), 3.26 (s, 3H), 3.48 (s, 3H), 3.56 (m, 1H), 3.65 (m, 1H), 4.51 (m, 1H), 4.58 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.81 (m, 1H), 4.94-5.02 (m, 2H), 5.04 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 5.08 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 1H), 5.28-5.32 (m, 1H), 5.33-5.37 (m, 1H), 5.49 (m, 2H), 5.67 (dd, J=10.8 Hz and 3.6 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.09 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 1H)].

Example 64 [(S)-(3-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [α-methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (213 mg, 0.17 mmol) and 3-(N-pyrrolidinyl)propanethiol (280 mg, 1.93 mmol) in methanol (25 ml) was added lithium hydroxide (94 mg, 3.92 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Then most of solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Dichloromethane (30 ml) and water (30 ml) were added and the mixture was separated. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=95/5) to give 57 mg of product [Molecular Formula: C₇₀H₁₂₆N₁₂O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1374.93; MS (m/z): 1375.75 (M+1)⁺; TLC Rf: 0.23 (dichloromethane/methanol=95/5); HPLC RT: 11.83 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/0.077% ammonium acetate in water; operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 65 [(S)-(3-(N-Morpholino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [α-methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (210 mg, 0.17 mmol) and 3-morpholinopropanethiol (300 mg, 1.86 mmol) in methanol (25 ml) was added lithium hydroxide (140 mg, 5.83 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Then most of solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Dichloromethane (30 ml) and water (30 ml) were added and the mixture was separated. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=97/3) to give 78 mg of product [Molecular Formula: C₇₀H₁₂₆N₁₂O₁₄S; Exact Mass: 1390.92; MS (m/z): 1413.77 (M+Na)⁺; TLC Rf: 0.33 (dichloromethane/methanol=9/1); HPLC RT: 11.35 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/0.077% ammonium acetate in water; operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm); ¹H NMR spectrum (600 MHz, CDCl₃, δ in ppm): 0.68 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 3H), 0.79 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 3H), 0.82-0.86 (m, 9H), 0.88 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.93 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.97-1.00 (m, 9H), 1.09 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 1.21-1.24 (m, 11H), 1.31 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.38-1.46 (m, 2H), 1.61 (m, 11H), 1.67-1.70 (m, 2H), 1.74-1.76 (m, 2H), 2.03-2.11 (m, 4H), 2.35-2.43 (m, 8H), 2.55-2.63 (m, 2H), 2.67 (s, 6H), 2.91-2.98 (m. 2H), 3.10 (s, 3H), 3.24 (3, 6H), 3.26 (s, 3H), 3.49 (s, 3H), 3.52 (m, 1H), 3.65-3.67 (m, 5H), 4.51 (m, 1H), 4.59 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.81 (m, 1H), 4.94-5.01 (m, 2H), 5.04 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 5.08 (d, J=12 Hz, 1H), 5.28-5.30 (m, 1H), 5.33-5.37 (m, 1H), 5.49 (m, 2H), 5.67 (m, 1H), 7.14 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.65 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 8.12 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H)].

Example 66 [(S)-(3-(N-Morpholino)propylsulfinyl)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(S)-(3-(N-Morpholino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxyl)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (27 mg, 0.02 mmol) in methanol (5 ml) was added oxone (25 mg, 0.04 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for one hour. Then most of the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Dichloromethane (20 ml) and saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (5 ml) were added and separated. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=96/4) to give product [Molecular formula: C₇₀H₁₂₆N₁₂O₁₅S; Exact Mass: 1406.92; MS (m/z): 1407.47 (M+1)⁺; TLC Rf: 0.23 (dichloromethane/methanol=9/1); HPLC RT: 9.35 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temp: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Example 67 [(S)-(3-(N-Morpholino)propylsulfonyl)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(S)-(3-(N-Morpholino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxyl)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (30 mg, 0.02 mmol) in methanol (5 ml) were added oxone (40 mg, 0.07 mmol) and water (0.3 ml) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature 1 hour. Dichloromethane (30 ml) and cold saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (5 ml) were added and separated. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=96/4) to give product [Molecular formula: C₇₀H₁₂₆N₁₂O₁₆S; Exact Mass: 1422.91; MS (m/z): 1423.54 (M+1)⁺; TLC Rf: 0.28 (dichloromethane/methanol=9/1); HPLC RT: 9.38 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temp: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Example 68 [(S)-(3-(N-Thiomorpholino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [α-methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (280 mg, 0.23 mmol) and 4-(3-thiopropyl)thiomorpholine (280 mg, 1.58 mmol) in methanol (15 ml) was added lithium hydroxide (80 mg, 3.33 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Then most of the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Dichloromethane (30 ml) and water (30 ml) were added and separated. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=97/3) to give product [Molecular formula: C₇₀H₁₂₆N₁₂O₁₃S₂; Exact Mass: 1406.90; MS (m/z): 1407.51 (M+1)⁺; TLC Rf: 0.35 (dichloromethane/methanol=9/1); HPLC RT: 11.18 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temp: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Example 69 [(S)-(3-(4-N-Boc-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (2.95 g, 2.40 mmol) and 1-Boc-4-(3-mercaptopropanyl)piperazine (MW: 260.4, 3.18 g, 5.10 mmol) were dissolved in methanol (75 ml), followed by adding lithium hydroxide (MW: 23.95, 0.35 g, 14.4 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. After removal of solvent, the residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane/methanol as eluent to give product [Molecular Formula: C₇₅H₁₃₅N₁₃O₁₅S; Exact Mass: 1489.99; MS (m/z): 1490.54 (M+1)⁺, 1512.63 (M+Na)⁺; HPLC RT: 12.51 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 70 [(S)-(3-(N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[(R)-(3-(4-N-Boc-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (1.59 g, 1.07 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (20 ml). Then 4 M hydrochloric acid in dioxane (4 ml) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for one hour. Most of solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was mixed ethyl acetate (60 ml) and saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (60 ml) and separated. The ethyl acetate layer was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane/methanol as eluent to give product [Molecular Formula: C₇₀H₁₂₇N₁₃O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1389.94; MS (m/z): 1390.56 (M+1)⁺, 1412.70 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.37 (dichloromethane/methanol=5:1); HPLC RT: 8.20 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 71 [(S)-(3-(4-Methyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (0.30 g, 0.24 mmol) and 3-(4-methylpiperazino)propylthiol (MW: 174.31, 0.42 g, 2.44 mmol) were dissolved in methanol (25 ml), followed by adding 10 equivalents of lithium hydroxide (58 mg, 2.40 mmol). The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. After removal of solvent, the residue was purified by flash chromatography using dichloromethane/methanol as eluent to give 0.20 g of product [Molecular Formula: C₇₁H₁₂₉N₁₃O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1403.96; MS (m/z): 1404.9 (M+1)⁺, 1426.9 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.10 (ethyl acetate/methanol=5/1); HPLC RT: 10.07 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 72 [(S)-(3-(4-Ethyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (0.25 g, 0.20 mmol) and 3-(1-ethyl-4-piperazino)propylthiol (MW: 188.33, 0.20 g, 1.06 mmol) were dissolved in methanol (15 ml), followed by adding lithium hydroxide (MW: 23.95, 48 mg, 20 mmol). The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. After removal of solvents, the residue was subject to chromatography using dichloromethane/methanol as eluent to give product [Molecular formula: C₇₂H₁₃₁N₁₃O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1417.97; MS (m/z): 1418.58 (M+1)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.13 (ethyl acetate/methanol=5/1)]. HPLC RT: 8.70 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temp: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Example 73 [(S)-(3-(4-N-n-Propyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[(S)-(3-(N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (150 mg, 0.11 mmol) and propionaldehyde (MW 58.08, d 0.81, 80 μl, 1.11 mmol) were dissolved in dichloromethane (20 ml), followed by adding acetic acid (5 drops) and tetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydride (MW: 263.09, 72 mg, 0.28 mmol) in portions. The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Then the reaction mixture was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane and methanol as eluent to give product [Molecular Formula: C₇₃H₁₃₃N₁₃O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1431.99; MS (m/z): 1432.61 (M+1)⁺, 1454.69 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.24 (dichloromethane/methanol=9:1); HPLC RT: 9.07 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 74 [(S)-(3-(4-N-Isopropyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[(S)-3-(N-piperazinylpropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (150 mg, 0.11 mmol) and 2-bromopropane (MW 123.00, d 1.310, 102 μl, 1.08 mmol) were dissolved in dichloromethane (15 ml), followed by adding sodium carbonate (MW: 105.99, 28.6 mg, 0.27 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Then the reaction mixture was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane and methanol as eluent to give product [Molecular Formula: C₇₃H₁₃₅N₁₃O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1431.99; MS (m/z): 1432.58 (M+1)⁺, 1454.72 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.14 (dichloromethane/methanol=9:1); HPLC RT: 8.74 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 75 [(S)-(3-(4-N-Isobutyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[(S)-3-(N-piperazinylpropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (168 mg, 0.12 mmol) and isobutyraldehyde (MW 72.11, d 0.794, 110 μl, 1.21 mmol) were dissolved in dichloromethane (25 ml), followed by adding acetic acid (5 drops) and tetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydride (79.5 mg, 0.30 mmol) in portions. The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Then the reaction mixture was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane and methanol as eluent to give product [Molecular Formula: C₇₄H₁₃₅N₁₃O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1446.00; MS (m/z): 1446.58 (M+1)⁺, 1468.69 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.43 (dichloromethane/methanol=9:1); HPLC RT: 9.59 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 76 [(S)-(3-(4-N-Neopentyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[(S)-3-(N-piperazinylpropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (150 mg, 0.11 mmol) and neopentyl bromide (MW 151.05, d 1.195, 136 μl, 1.08 mmol) were dissolved in dichloromethane (20 ml), followed by adding sodium carbonate (MW: 105.99, 28.6 mg, 0.27 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Then the reaction mixture was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane and methanol as eluent to give product [Molecular Formula: C₇₅H₁₃₇N₁₃O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1460.02; MS (m/z): 1460.64 (M+1)⁺, 1482.72 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.43 (dichloromethane/methanol=9:1); HPLC RT: 11.25 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 77 [(S)-(2-(Methoxycarbonyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin and

-   -   [(R)-(2-(Methoxycarbonyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [α-methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (600 mg, 0.49 mmol) and methyl 3-mercaptopropionate (0.54 ml, d 1.085, 4.88 mmol) in methanol (15 ml) was added lithium hydroxide (94 mg, 3.90 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours. Most of solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Ethyl acetate (30 ml) and brine (30 ml) were added and the mixture was separated. The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (hexane/acetone) to give 270 mg of [(S)-(2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [Molecular Formula: C₆₇H₁₁₉N₁₁O₁₅S; Exact Mass: 1349.86. MS (m/z): 1350.43 (M+1)⁺, 1372.62 (M+Na)] and 260 mg of [(R)-(2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [Molecular Formula: C₆₇H₁₁₉N₁₁O₁₅S; Exact Mass: 1349.86. MS (m/z): 1350.42 (M+1)⁺, 1372.63 (M+Na)⁺].

Example 78 [(S)-(3-Hydroxylpropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin and [(R)-(3-Hydroxylpropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[(S)-(2-(Methoxycarbonyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (170 mg, 0.13 mmol) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (30 ml), followed by adding cesium chloride (1.00 g, 5.94 mmol) and sodium borohydride (1.00 g, 26.43 mmol). Then 30 ml of methanol was added dropwise to the mixture over 30 minutes. After addition, the mixture was stirred at room temperature one hour. Most solvent was then evaporated under reduced pressure. Ethyl acetate (30 ml) and water (30 ml) were added. The ethyl acetate layer was separated and washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography with dichloromethane/methanol (from 100:0 to 96:4) as eluent to give the 55 mg of pure product [Molecular Formula: C₆₆H₁₁₉N₁₁O₁₄S; Exact Mass: 1321.87; MS (m/z): 1322.45 (M+1)⁺, 1344.67 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.54 (dichloromethane/methanol=9:1); HPLC RT: 13.06 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

According this method, 28 mg of pure [(R)-(3-Hydroxypropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [Molecular Formula: C₆₆H₁₁₉N₁₁O₁₄S; Exact Mass: 1321.87; MS (m/z): 1322.44 (M+1)⁺, 1344.69 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.54 (dichloromethane/methanol=9:1); HPLC RT: 13.02 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)] was obtained.

Example 79 [(S)-(3-Hydroxylpropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [α-methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (200 mg, 0.16 mmol) and 3-mercapto-1-propanol (125 mg, 1.36 mmol) in methanol (15 ml) was added lithium hydroxide (80 mg, 3.33 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Then most of the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Dichloromethane (30 ml) and water (30 ml) were added and separated. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=97/3) to give product of [(R)-(3-Hydroxypropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [Molecular formula: C₆₆H₁₁₉N₁₁O₁₄S; Exact Mass: 1321.87; MS (m/z): 1322.53 (M+1)⁺; TLC Rf: 0.54 (dichloromethane/methanol=9/1); HPLC RT: 13.02 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temp: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Example 80 [(S)-(3-Methoxypropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (0.31 g, 0.25 mmol) and 1-mercapto-3-methoxypropane (265 mg, 10 mmol) were dissolved in methanol (10 ml), followed by adding 10 equivalents of lithium hydroxide (60 mg). The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. After removal of solvents, the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (15 ml). The ethyl acetate solution was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfite and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was subject to a flash chromatography using ethyl acetate/methanol as eluent to give 35 mg of pure product [Molecular formula: C₆₇H₁₂₁N₁₁O₁₄S; Exact Mass: 1335.88; MS (m/z): 1336.43 (M+1)⁺, 1358.74 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.31 (ethyl acetate/methanol=20/1); HPLC RT: 15.21 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temp: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Example 81 [(S)-(3-Methoxy-3-methyl)butylthiomethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [α-methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (150 mg, 0.12 mmol) and 3-methyl-3-methoxybutanethiol (165 mg, 1.23 mmol) in methanol (10 ml) was added lithium hydroxide (50 mg, 2.08 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Then most of solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Dichloromethane (30 ml) and water (30 ml) were added and separated. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (ethyl acetate/methanol=98/2) to give a pure product [Molecular formula: C₆₉H₁₂₅N₁₁O₁₄S; Exact Mass: 1363.91; MS (m/z): 1364.53 (M+1)⁺; TLC Rf: 0.33 (ethyl acetate/methanol=98/2); HPLC RT: 16.10 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temp: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Example 82 [(S)-(4-Aminobutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (1.23 g, 1.0 mmol) and 4-aminobutylthiol (1.06 g, 10.00 mmol) were dissolved in methanol (80 ml), followed by adding 10 equivalents of lithium hydroxide (0.24 g, 10.00 mmol). The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. After removal of solvents, the residue was subjected to the flash chromatography using dichloromethane/methanol as eluents to give 0.40 g of product [Molecular formula: C₆₇H₁₂₂N₁₂O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1334.89; MS (m/z): 1335.55 (M+1)⁺, 1357.64 (M+Na)⁺, TLC R_(f): 0.05 (dichloromethane/methanol=5/1); HPLC RT: 10.53 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temp: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Example 83 [(S)-(4-(N,N-Diethylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[(S)-(4-Aminobuylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (70 mg, 0.05 mmol) and acetaldehyde (MW 44.05, d 0.78, 100 μl, 0.18 mmol)) were dissolved in chloroform (5 ml), followed by adding 2.5 equivalents of tetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydride (32.87 mg, 0.125 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for two hours. Then the reaction mixture was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane/methanol as eluent to give product [Molecular formula: C₇₁H₁₃₀N₁₂O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1390.96; MS (m/z): 1391.63 (M+1)⁺, 1413.79 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.17 (ethyl acetate/methanol=5/1); HPLC RT: 12.55 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temp: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Example 84 [(S)-(4-(N-Isopropylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[(S)-(4-Aminobuylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (60 mg, 0.05 mmol) and acetone (100 μl) were dissolved in chloroform (5 ml), followed by adding tetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydride (29.5 mg, 0.11 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for two hours. Then the reaction mixture was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane/methanol as eluent to give product. [Molecular formula: C₇₀H₁₂₈N₁₂O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1376.94; MS (m/z): 1377.58 (M+1)⁺, 1399.79 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.15 (ethyl acetate/methanol=5/1); HPLC RT: 11.21 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temp: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Example 85 [(S)-(4-(N-Isobutylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[(S)-(4-Aminobuylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (80 mg, 0.060 mmol) and isobutyradehyde (MW 72.11, d 0.794, 27 μl, 0.3 mmol) were dissolved in chloroform (5.0 ml), followed by adding 2.5 equivalents of tetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydride (39.4 mg, 0.15 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for two hours. Then the reaction mixture was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane/methanol as eluent to give product [Molecular formula: C₇₁H₁₃₀N₁₂O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1390.96; MS (m/z): 1391.58 (M+1)⁺, 1413.74 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.20 (ethyl acetate/methanol=5/1); HPLC RT: 11.99 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temp: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Example 86 [(S)-(4-(N,N-Diisobutylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[(S)-(4-Aminobuylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (80 mg, 0.060 mmol) and isobutyradehyde (MW 72.11, d 0.794, 27 μl, 0.3 mmol) were dissolved in chloroform (5.0 ml), followed by adding 2.5 equivalents of tetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydride (39.4 mg, 0.15 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for two hours. Then the reaction mixture was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane/methanol as eluent to give product [Molecular formula: C₇₅H₁₃₈N₁₂O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1447.023; MS (m/z): 1447.63 (M+1)⁺, 1470.84 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.25 (ethyl acetate/methanol=5/1); HPLC RT: 13.84 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temp: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Example 87 [(S)-(4-(N-Neopentylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[(S)-(4-Aminobuylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (67 mg, 0.05 mmol) and trimethylacetaldehyde (MW 86.13, d 0.781, 27.6 μl, 0.25 mmol) were dissolved in chloroform (5 ml), followed by adding 2.5 equivalents of tetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydride (32.87 mg, 0.125 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for two hours. Then the reaction mixture was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane/methanol as eluent to give 25 mg of pure product [Molecular formula: C₇₂H₁₃₂N₁₂O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1404.98; MS (m/z): 1405.54 (M+1)⁺, 1427.72 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.17 (ethyl acetate/methanol=5/1); HPLC RT: 12.66 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temp: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Example 88 [(S)-(4-Hydroxylbutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin and [(R)-(4-hydroxylbutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [α-methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (213 mg, 0.17 mmol) and 4-mercapto-1-butanol (156 mg, 1.44 mmol) in methanol (25 ml) was added lithium hydroxide (94 mg, 3.92 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Then most of the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Dichloromethane (30 ml) and water (30 ml) were added and separated. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was subject to a flash chromatography using ethyl acetate/methanol as eluent to give product of isomer A as [(S)-(4-hydroxylbutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin and product of isomer B as [(R)-(4-hydroxylbutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [Molecular formula: C₆₇H₁₂₁N₁₁O₁₄S; Exact Mass: 1335.88; MS (m/z): 1336.44 (M+1)⁺, 1358.67 (M+Na)⁺; TLC Rf: 0.38 (dichloromethane/methanol=9/1); TLC Rf (isomer A): 0.25 (ethyl acetate/methanol=20/1, twice development), and TLC Rf (isomer B): 0.20 (ethyl acetate/methanol=20/1, twice development); HPLC RT: 13.57 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temp: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Example 89 [(S)-(3-(Methoxycarbonyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin and

-   -   [(R)-(3-(methoxycarbonyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [α-methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (1.28 g, 1.04 mmol) and methyl 4-mercaptobutanoate (0.84 g, 6.24 mmol) in methanol (25 ml) was added lithium hydroxide (0.15 g, 6.24 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Most of solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Ethyl acetate (30 ml) and brine (30 ml) were added and the mixture was separated. The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (hexane/acetone) to give 300 mg of [(S)-(4-(methoxycarbonyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [Molecular Formula: C₆₈H₁₂₈N₁₁O₁₅S; Exact Mass: 1363.88; MS (m/z): 1364.43 (M+1)⁺, 1386.64 (M+Na)⁺; HPLC RT: 15.26 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)] and 220 mg of [(R)-(4-(methoxycarbonyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [Molecular Formula: C₆₈H₁₂₈N₁₁O₁₅S; Exact Mass: 1363.88; MS (m/z): 1364.43 (M+1)⁺, 1386.64 (M+Na)⁺; HPLC RT: 15.13 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 90 [(S)-(4-Hydroxybutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin and [(R)-(4-hydroxybutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[(S)-(4-(Methoxycarbonyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (200 mg, 0.15 mmol) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (15 ml), followed by adding cesium chloride (200 mg, 1.18 mmol) and sodium borohydride (300 mg, 7.93 mmol). Then 10 ml of methanol was added dropwise to the mixture over 30 minutes. After addition, the mixture was stirred at room temperature one hour. Most solvent was then evaporated under reduced pressure. Ethyl acetate (30 ml) and water (30 ml) were added. The ethyl acetate layer was separated and washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography with dichloromethane/methanol (from 100:0 to 96:4) as eluent to give 13 mg of pure product [Molecular Formula: C₆₇H₁₂₁N₁₁O₁₄S; Exact Mass: 1335.88; MS (m/z): 1336.50 (M+1)⁺, 1358.70 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.39 (dichloromethane/methanol=9:1); HPLC RT: 13.25 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

According to this method, 11 mg of pure [(R)-(4-hydroxybutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin was obtained [Molecular Formula: C₆₇H₁₂₁N₁₁O₁₄S; Exact Mass: 1335.88; MS (m/z): 1336.50 (M+1)⁺, 1358.70 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f) : 0.39 (dichloromethane/methanol=9:1); HPLC RT: 13.28 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 91 [(S)-(4-Methoxybutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (300 mg, 0.244 mmol) and 1-mercapto-4-methoxybutane (MW: 120.21, 292 mg, 10 mmol) were dissolved in methanol (10 ml), followed by adding six equivalents of lithium hydroxide (35 mg). The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. After removal of solvents, the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (15 ml). The ethyl acetate solution was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was subject to the flash chromatography using methylene chloride/methanol as eluent to give 57 mg of pure product [Molecular formula: C₆₆H₁₂₃N₁₁O₁₄S; Exact Mass: 1349.90; MS (m/z): 1350.45 (M+1)⁺, 1372.58 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.30 (methylene chloride/methanol=20/1); HPLC RT: 15.54 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temp: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Example 92 [(R)-(4-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethoxy)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(R)-(4-hydroxylbutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (0.32 g, 0.24 mmol) in benzene (30 ml) were added a solution of sodium hydroxide (1.20 g, 30 mmol) in water (2 ml), 2-bromo-N,N-diethylethylamine hydrobromide (MW: 261, 3.80 g, 14.56 mmol) and tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (0.20 g, 0.62 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 30° C. for 48 hours. After diluted with ice water, the mixture was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (30 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=95/5) to give product [Molecular formula: C₇₃H₁₃₄N₁₂O₁₄S; Exact Mass: 1434.99; MS (m/z): 1435.64 (M+1)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.30 (dichloromethane/methanol=9/1); HPLC RT: 12.06 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temp: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Example 93 [(S)-(4-Oxopentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [α-methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (480 mg, 0.39 mmol) and 5-mercapto-2-pentanone (MW: 118.19, 500 mg, 4.24 mmol) in methanol (30 ml) was added lithium hydroxide (120 mg, 5.00 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Then most of solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Dichloromethane (80 ml) and water (30 ml) were added and separated. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (ethyl acetate) to give a pure product [Molecular formula: C₆₈H₁₂₁N₁₁O₁₄S; Exact Mass: 1347.88; MS (m/z): 1348.49 (M+1)⁺; TLC Rf: 0.46 (dichloromethane/methanol=97/3); HPLC RT: 14.86 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temp: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Example 94 [(S)-(4-Hydroxypentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(S)-4-oxopentylthiomethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (80 mg, 0.06 mmol) in methanol (5 ml) was added sodium borohydride (36 mg, 0.95 mmol) in portions. After addition, the mixture was stirred at room temperature for one hour. Most of solvent was then evaporated under reduced pressure. Dichloromethane (30 ml) and water (30 ml) were added. The dichloromethane layer was separated and washed with brine (30 ml), dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified on silica gel column with (ethyl acetate/methanol=99/1) to give a pure product [Molecular formula: C₆₈H₁₂₃N₁₁O₁₄S; Exact Mass: 1349.90; MS (m/z): 1350.49 (M+1)⁺; TLC Rf: 0.35 (dichloromethane/methanol=97/3); HPLC RT: 14.25 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temp: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Example 95 [(S)-(4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(S)-4-oxopentylthiomethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (100 mg, 0.07 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (25 ml) at 0° C. was added a solution of methylmagnesium bromide in ether (1 ml, 3 M, 3.00 mmol). After addition, the mixture was slowly warmed to room temperature and stirred at room temperature for one and half hour. Then the reaction was quenched by adding aqueous ammonium chloride solution. Dichloromethane (30 ml) and water (30 ml) were added. The dichloromethane layer was separated and washed with brine (30 ml), dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified on silica gel column with (ethyl acetate/methanol=99/1) to give a pure product [Molecular formula: C₆₉H₁₂₅N₁₁O₁₄S; Exact Mass: 1363.91; MS (m/z): 1364.48 (M+1)⁺; TLC Rf: 0.42 (dichloromethane/methanol=97/3); HPLC RT: 14.74 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temp: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Example 96 [(S)-(4-(Methoxycarbonyl)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin and

-   -   [(R)-(4-(methoxycarbonyl)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [α-methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (1.00 g, 0.81 mmol) and methyl 5-mercaptopentanoate (0.72 g, 4.88 mmol) in methanol (30 ml) was added lithium hydroxide (195 mg, 8.13 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. Most of solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Ethyl acetate (30 ml) and brine (30 ml) were added and the mixture was separated. The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (hexane/acetone) to give 210 mg of [(S)-(4-(methoxycarbonyl)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [Molecular Formula: C₆₉H₁₂₃N₁₁O₁₅S; Exact Mass: 1377.89; MS (m/z): 1378.49 (M+1)⁺, 1400.67 (M+Na)⁺; HPLC RT: 15.72 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)] and 270 mg of [(R)-(4-(methoxycarbonyl)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [Molecular Formula: C₆₉H₁₂₃N₁₁O₁₅S; Exact Mass: 1377.89; MS (m/z): 1378.50 (M+1)⁺, 1400.68 (M+Na)⁺; HPLC RT: 15.53 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 97 [(S)-(5-Hydroxypentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin and [(R)-(5-Hydroxypentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[(S)-(4-(M ethoxycarbonyl)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (170 mg, 0.13 mmol) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (30 ml), followed by adding cesium chloride (1.00 g, 5.94 mmol) and sodium borohydride (1.00 g, 26.43 mmol). Then 30 ml of methanol was added dropwise to the mixture over 30 minutes. After addition, the mixture was stirred at room temperature one hour. Most solvent was then evaporated under reduced pressure. Ethyl acetate (30 ml) and water (30 ml) were added. The ethyl acetate layer was separated and washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography with dichloromethane/methanol (from 100:0 to 96:4) as eluent to give 47 mg of pure product of [(S)-(5-hydroxypentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [Molecular Formula: C₆₈H₁₂₃N₁₁O₁₄S; Exact Mass: 1349.90; MS (m/z): 1350.52 (M+1)⁺, 1372.72 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.54 (dichloromethane/methanol=9:1); HPLC RT: 14.19 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

According this method, 48 mg of pure [(R)-(5-hydroxypentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin was obtained [Molecular Formula: C₆₈H₁₂₃N₁₁O₁₄S; Exact Mass: 1349.90; MS (m/z): 1350.47 (M+1)⁺, 1372.71 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.54 (dichloromethane/methanol=9:1); HPLC RT: 14.14 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 98 [(S)-((5-Hydroxy-5-methyl)hexylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin and

-   -   [(R)-((5-Hydroxy-5-methyl)hexylthiothio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[(S)-(4-(Methoxycarbonyl)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (340 mg, 0.25 mmol) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (10 ml) and put into an ice bath. Then 0.63 ml of 3 M methylmagnesium bromide in ether (1.89 mmol) was added dropwise to the mixture over one hour. After the mixture was stirred 0° C. for two hour, 3 ml of brine was added dropwise to quench the reaction. Most solvent was then evaporated under reduced pressure. Ethyl acetate (10 ml) and water (10 ml) were added. The ethyl acetate layer was separated and washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography with dichloromethane/methanol as eluent to give 17 mg of pure product [Molecular Formula: C₇₀H₁₂₇N₁₁O₁₄S; Exact Mass: 1377.93; MS (m/z): 1378.55 (M+1)⁺, 1400.79 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.48 (dichloromethane/methanol=9:1); HPLC RT: 15.22 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

According to this method, 48 mg of pure [(R)-(5-hydroxy-5-methylhexylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin was obtained [Molecular Formula: C₇₀H₁₂₇N₁₁O₁₄S; Exact Mass: 1377.93; MS (m/z): 1378.45 (M+1)⁺, 1400.70 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.41 (dichloromethane/methanol=9:1); HPLC RT: 15.11 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 99 [(S)-((R)-5-hydroxyhexylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (123 mg, 0.1 mmol) and (R)-1-mercapto-5-hexanol (110 mg, 10 mmol) were dissolved in methanol (10 ml), followed by adding 10 equivalents of lithium hydroxide (14.4 mg). The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. After removal of solvents, the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (15 ml). The ethyl acetate solution was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfite and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was subject to a flash chromatography using ethyl acetate/methanol as eluent to give 25 mg of pure product [Molecular formula: C₆₉H₁₂₅N₁₁O₁₄S; Exact Mass: 1363.91; MS (m/z): 1364.68 (M+1)⁺, 1386.87 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.31 (methylene chloride/methanol=20/1); HPLC RT: 14.72 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temp: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Example 100 [(S)-(6-Hydroxylhexylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (0.25 g, 0.20 mmol) and 6-mercapto-1-hexanol (MW: 134.24, 0.27 g, 2.00 mmol) were dissolved in methanol (30 ml), followed by adding 10 equivalents of lithium hydroxide (48 mg, 2.00 mmol). The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. After removal of solvents, the residue was dissolved in dichloromethane (30 ml). The dichloromethane solution was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was subject to the flash chromatography using ethyl acetate/methanol as eluent to give 58 mg of product. [Molecular formula: C₆₉H₁₂₅N₁₁O₁₄S; Exact Mass: 1363.91; MS (m/z): 1364.59 (M+1)⁺, 1386.76 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.28 (ethyl acetate/methanol=20/1); HPLC RT: 14.84 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temp: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Example 101 [(S)-(6-Methoxy-(5-methoxycarbonyl)-6-oxohexylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [α-methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (500 mg, 0.41 mmol) and dimethyl 4-mercaptobutylmalonate (650 mg, 2.95 mmol) in methanol (80 ml) was added lithium hydroxide (110 mg, 4.58 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Then most of solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Dichloromethane (100 ml) and water (30 ml) were added and separated. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was used for next step. [Molecular formula: C₇₂H₁₂₇N₁₁O₁₇S; Exact Mass: 1449.91; MS (m/z): 1450.37 (M+1)⁺.

Example 102 [(S)-(6-Hydroxy-(5-hydroxymethyl)hexylthiomethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(S)-(6-methoxy-5-methoxycarbonyl)-6-oxohexylthiomethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (250 mg, 0.17 mmol) in methanol (40 ml) was added sodium borohydride (350 mg, 9.26 mmol) in portions. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature 3 hours. Then most of solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Dichloromethane (100 ml) and water (30 ml) were added and separated. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=96/4) to give a pure product [Molecular formula: C₇₀H₁₂₇N₁₁O₁₅S; Exact Mass: 1393.92; MS (m/z): 1394.45 (M+1)⁺; TLC Rf: 0.25 (dichloromethane/methanol=95/5); HPLC RT: 12.62 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temp: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Example 103 [(S)-(2-Hydroxypropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin and [(R)-(2-Hydroxypropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (0.246 g, 0.2 mmol) and 1-mercapto-2-propanol (0.184 g, 2 mmol) were dissolved in methanol (10 ml), followed by adding 10 equivalents of lithium hydroxide (48 mg). The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. After removal of solvent, the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (15 ml). The ethyl acetate solution was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfite and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was subject to a flash chromatography using ethyl acetate/methanol as eluent to give the product of isomer A as [(S)-(2-Hydroxypropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin and the product of isomer B as [(R)-(2-Hydroxypropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [Molecular formula: C₆₆H₁₁₉N₁₁O₁₄S; Exact Mass: 1321.87; MS (m/z): 1322.50 (M+1)⁺, 1344.76 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f) (isomer A): 0.29 (methylene chloride/methanol=20/1, twice development); TLC R_(f) (isomer B): 0.26 (methylene chloride/methanol=20/1, twice development); HPLC RT: 13.62 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temp: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Example 104 [(S)-(2-Methyl-4-oxypentan-2-ylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [α-methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (500 mg, 0.41 mmol) and 4-mercapto-4-methyl-2-pentanone (680 mg, 5.15 mmol) in methanol (25 ml) was added lithium hydroxide (160 mg, 6.66 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 days. Then most of the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Dichloromethane (30 ml) and water (30 ml) were added and the mixture was separated. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (ethyl acetate) to give the product [Molecular formula: C₆₉H₁₂₃N₁₁O₁₄S; Exact Mass: 1361.90; MS (m/z): 1362.50 (M+1)⁺; TLC Rf: 0.47 (dichloromethane/methanol=97/3); HPLC RT: 15.51 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temp: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Example 105 [(S)-(2-Methyl-4-hydroxypentan-2-ylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(S)-(2-methyl-4-oxypentan-2-ylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (68 mg, 0.03 mmol) in methanol (5 ml) were added sodium borohydride (36 mg, 0.95 mmol) in portions. After addition, the mixture was stirred at room temperature one hour. Most solvent was then evaporated under reduced pressure. Dichloromethane (30 ml) and water (30 ml) were added and the mixture was separated. The dichloromethane layer was washed with brine (30 ml), dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified on silica gel column with dichloromethane/methanol (95/5) as eluent to give the product [Molecular formula: C₆₉H₁₂₅N₁₁O₁₄S; Exact Mass: 1363.91; MS (m/z): 1364.44 (M+1)⁺; TLC Rf: 0.38 (dichloromethane/methanol=97/3); HPLC RT: 15.03 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temp: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Example 106 [(S)-((5-Methoxy-4-methoxycarbonyl)-5-oxopentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [α-methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (580 mg, 0.47 mmol) and dimethyl 3-mercaptopropylmalonate (MW: 206.26, 600 mg, 2.91 mmol) in methanol (30 ml) was added lithium hydroxide (110 mg, 4.58 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Then most of solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Dichloromethane (100 ml) and water (30 ml) were added and separated. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was used for next step. [Molecular formula: C₇₁H₁₂₅N₁₁O₁₇S; Exact Mass: 1435.90; MS (m/z): 1436.45 (M+1)⁺.

Example 107 [(S)-((5-Hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl)pentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(S)-((5-methoxy-4-methoxycarbonyl)-5-oxopentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (280 mg, 0.19 mmol) in methanol (30 ml) was added sodium borohydride (360 mg, 9.52 mmol) in portions. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature 3 hours. Then most of the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Dichloromethane (100 ml) and water (30 ml) were added and separated. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=96/4) to give a pure product [Molecular formula: C₆₉H₁₂₅N₁₁O₁₅S; Exact Mass: 1379.91; MS (m/z): 1380.49 (M+1)⁺; TLC Rf: 0.23 (dichloromethane/methanol=95/5); HPLC RT: 12.05 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temp: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Example 108 [(R)-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(R)-α-hydroxymethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (0.25 g, 0.20 mmol) in benzene (30 ml) were added a solution of sodium hydroxide (1.00 g, 25 mmol) in water (2 ml), 2-bromo-N,N-diethylethylamine hydrobromide (MW: 261, 2.80 g, 10.72 mmol) and tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (0.2 g, 0.62 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 30° C. for 20 hours. Then ice water (30 ml) was added and the mixture was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (25 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=96/4) to give 240 mg of product [Molecular Formula: C₆₉H₁₂₆N₁₂O₁₄; Exact Mass: 1346.95; MS (m/z): 1347.59 (M+1)⁺; TLC Rf: 0.41 (dichloromethane/methanol=9/1); HPLC RT: 12.20 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/0.077% ammonium acetate in water; operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 109 [(R)-(2-(N-Piperidinyl)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(R)-α-hydroxymethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (300 mg, 0.24 mmol) in benzene (15 ml) were added sodium hydroxide (0.38 g. 9.60 mmol), tetramethylammonium hydroxide pentahydrate (0.44 g, 2.40 mmol) and 1-(2-chloroethyl)piperidine hydrochloride (MW: 184.10, 0.44 g, 2.40 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 30° C. for 36 hours. Then ice water (20 ml) was added and the mixture was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (20 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel with dichloromethane/methanol (95/5) as eluent to give 100 mg of pure product [Molecular Formula: C₇₀H₁₂₆N₁₂O₁₄; Exact Mass: 1358.95; MS (m/z): 1359.69 (M+1)⁺, 1381.75 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.05 (dichloromethane/methanol=20/1); HPLC RT: 12.43 min (C8 reverse phase column: 150 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 110 [(R)-(2-(N-Morpholino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(R)-α-hydroxymethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (0.50 g, 0.40 mmol) in benzene (20 ml) were added sodium hydroxide (0.64 g, 16.00 mmol), tetramethylammonium hydroxide pentahydrate (0.72 g, 4.00 mmol) and 4-(2-chloroethyl)morphorline hydrochloride (MW: 186.08, 0.74 g, 4.00 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 30° C. for a week. Then ice water (20 ml) was added and the mixture was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (20 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel with dichloromethane/methanol (95/5) as eluent to give 60 mg of product [Molecular Formula: C₆₉H₁₂₄N₁₂O₁₅; Exact Mass: 1360.93; MS (m/z): 1361.63 (M+1)⁺, 1383.75 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.10 (dichloromethane/methanol=5:1); HPLC RT: 11.49 min (C8 reverse phase column: 150 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 111 [(R)-(2-(N,N-Dimethylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(R)-α-hydroxymethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (0.37 g, 0.30 mmol) in benzene (15 ml) were added sodium hydroxide (0.48 g. 12.00 mmol), tetramethylammonium hydroxide pentahydrate (0.54 g, 3.00 mmol) and 3-dimethylaminoethyl chloride hydrochloride (0.43 g, 3.00 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 30° C. for 36 hours. Then ice water (20 ml) was added and the mixture was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (20 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel with dichloromethane/methanol (95/5) as eluent to give 90 mg of pure product [Molecular Formula: C₆₇H₁₂₂N₁₂O₁₄; Exact Mass: 1318.92; MS (m/z): 1319.70 (M+1)⁺, 1341.80 (M+Na)⁺); TLC R_(f): 0.05 (dichloromethane/methanol=5:1); HPLC RT: 11.43 min (C8 reverse phase column: 150 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 112 [(R)-(2-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(R)-α-hydroxymethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (0.38 g, 0.30 mmol) in benzene (15 ml) were added sodium hydroxide (0.48 g, 12.00 mmol), tetramethylammonium hydroxide pentahydrate (0.54 g, 3.00 mmol) and 1-(2-chloroethyl)pyrrolidine hydrochloride (0.44 g, 3.00 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 30° C. for 36 hours. Then ice water (20 ml) was added and the mixture was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (20 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel with dichloromethane/methanol (95/5) as eluent to give to give 120 mg of the expected isomer [Molecular Formula: C₆₉H₁₂₄N₁₂O₁₄; Exact Mass: 1344.94; MS (m/z): 1345.62 (M+1)⁺, 1367.76 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.05 (dichloromethane/methanol=10/1); HPLC RT: 12.09 min (C8 reverse phase column: 150 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 113 [(R)-(Ethoxycarbonylmethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(R)-α-hydroxymethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (0.36 g, 0.29 mmol) in benzene (20 ml) were added a solution of sodium hydroxide (0.60 g, 15.00 mmol) in water (1 ml), ethyl bromoacetate (1.60 g, 9.58 mmol) and tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (0.20 g, 0.62 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 hours. After diluted with ice water, the mixture was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (15 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=97/3) to give the product [Molecular formula: C₆₇H₁₁₉N₁₁O₁₆; Exact Mass: 1333.88; MS (m/z): 1334.50 (M+1)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.35 (dichloromethane/methanol=95/5); HPLC RT: 15.16 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/0.077% NH₄OAc in water; operation temperature: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Example 114 [(R)-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(R)-(ethoxycarbonylmethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (0.23 g, 0.17 mmol) in methanol (30 ml) were added lithium chloride (0.30 g, 7.14 mmol) and sodium borohydride (0.66 g, 17.46 mmol) in portions. After addition, the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Most solvent was then evaporated under reduced pressure. Ethyl acetate (50 ml) and water (50 ml) were added. The ethyl acetate layer was separated and washed with brine (30 ml), dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified on silica gel column with (dichloromethane/methanol=95/5) to give the product [Molecular formula: C₆₅H₁₁₇N₁₁O₁₅; Exact Mass: 1291.87; MS (m/z): 1292.51 (M+1)⁺; TLC Rf: 0.28 (dichloromethane/methanol=9/1); HPLC RT: 12.55 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temp: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Example 115 [(R)-(2-(1,3-Dioxan-2-yl)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[(R)-Hydroxymethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (5.00 g, 4.01 mmol) was dissolved in benzene (100 ml). 2-(2-Bromoethyl)-1,3-dioxane (7.82 g, 40.10 mmol), tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (0.99 g, 3.09 mmol), sodium hydroxide (3.21 g, 8.02 mmol) and water (3.3 ml) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred at 35° C. for nine hours. And the stirring was continued overnight at room temperature. Then 50 ml of brine was added and the mixture was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (25 ml×2). The combined organic layers were dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. After purified on silica gel with hexane/acetone as eluent, 1.50 g of product obtained [Molecular Formula: C₆₉H₁₂₃N₁₁O₁₆; Exact Mass: 1361.91; (m/z): 1362.64 (M+1)⁺, 1384.85 (M+Na)⁺].

Example 116 [(R)-(2-Formylethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[(R)-(2-(1,3-Dioxan-2-yl)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (1.29 g, 0.95 mmol) was dissolved in dioxane (25 ml), followed by adding hydrochloric acid solution (1 N, 25 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. Most of dioxane was evaporated under reduced pressure. Then the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (25 ml×2). The combined ethyl acetate layers were dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified on silica gel with hexane/acetone as eluent to give 600 mg of product [Molecular Formula: C₆₆H₁₁₇N₁₁O₁₅; Exact Mass: 1303.87; MS (m/z): 1304.59 (M+1)⁺, 1326.78 (M+Na)⁺; HPLC RT: 14.2 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 117 [(R)-(3-(N-Morpholino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[(R)-(2-Formylethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (300 mg, 0.23 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (15 ml). Morpholine (100 mg, 1.15 mmol) and tetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydride (302 mg, 1.15 mmol) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. Then sodium bicarbonate saturated solution (30 ml) and dichloromethane (15 ml) were added and the mixture was separated. The dichloromethane layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. After purified on silica gel, 105 mg of pure product was obtained [Molecular Formula: C₇₀H₁₂₆N₁₂O₁₅; Exact Mass: 1374.95; MS (m/z): 1375.70 (M+1)⁺, 1397.80 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.37 (dichloromethane/methanol=9/1); HPLC RT: 12.2 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/0.077% ammonium acetate in water; operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 118 [(R)-(3-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[(R)-(2-Formylethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (200 mg, 0.15 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (15 ml). Pyrrolidine (95 mg, 1.34 mmol) and tetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydride (353 mg, 1.34 mmol) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. Then sodium bicarbonate saturated solution (30 ml) and dichloromethane (15 ml) were added and the mixture was separated. The dichloromethane layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. After purified on silica gel, 50 mg of pure product was obtained [Molecular Formula: C₇₀H₁₂₆N₁₂O₁₄; Exact Mass: 1358.95; MS (m/z): 1359.74 (M+1)⁺, 1381.79 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.40 (dichloromethane/methanol=9/1); HPLC RT: 12.7 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/0.077% ammonium acetate in water; operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 119 [(R)-(3-(N-Piperidinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[(R)-(2-Formylethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (200 mg, 0.15 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (15 ml). Piperidine (114 mg, 1.34 mmol) and tetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydride (353 mg, 1.34 mmol) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. Then sodium bicarbonate saturated solution (30 ml) and dichloromethane (15 ml) were added and the mixture was separated. The dichloromethane layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. After purified on silica gel, 43 mg of product was obtained [Molecular Formula: C₇₁H₁₂₈N₁₂O₁₄; Exact Mass: 1372.97; (m/z): MS (m/z): 1373.79 (M+1)⁺, 1395.86 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.27 (dichloromethane/methanol=9/1); HPLC RT: 17.8 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/0.077% ammonium acetate in water; operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 120 [(R)-(3-(3-Hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[(R)-(2-Formylethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (100 mg, 0.08 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (15 ml). 3-Amino-2,2-dimethyl-1-propanol (40 mg, 0.39 mmol) and tetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydride (100 mg, 0.39 mmol) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 6 hours. Then sodium bicarbonate saturated solution (30 ml) and dichloromethane (15 ml) were added and the mixture was separated. The dichloromethane layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. After purified on silica gel, 10 mg of pure product was obtained [Molecular Formula: C₇₁H₁₃₀N₁₂O₁₅; Exact Mass: 1390.98; MS (m/z): 1391.64 (M+1)⁺, 1413.77 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.37 (dichloromethane/methanol=9/1); HPLC RT: 11.46 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/0.077% ammonium acetate in water; operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 121 [(R)-(3-(N,N-Dimethylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(R)-α-hydroxymethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (0.38 g, 0.30 mmol) in benzene (15 ml) were added sodium hydroxide (0.48 g, 12.00 mmol), tetramethylammonia hydroxide (0.54 g, 3.0 mmol) and 3-dimethylaminoethyl chloride hydrochloride (0.43 g, 3.00 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 30° C. for 36 hours. Then ice water (20 ml) was added and the mixture was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (20 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel with dichloromethane/methanol (95/5) as eluent to give to give 70 mg of pure product [Molecular Formula: C₆₈H₁₂₄N₁₂O₁₄; Exact Mass: 1332.94. MS (m/z): 1333.64 (M+1)⁺, 1355.73 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.04 (dichloromethane/methanol=5/1); HPLC RT: 11.78 min (C8 reverse phase column: 150 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 122 [(R)-(3-(N,N-Diethylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(R)-α-hydroxymethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (250 mg, 0.20 mmol) in benzene (15 ml) were added a solution of sodium hydroxide (400 mg, 10.00 mmol) in water (0.5 ml), 3-diethylaminepropyl chloride hydrochloride (500 mg, 2.69 mmol) and tetramethylammonium hydroxide pentahydrate (430 mg, 2.41 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 32° C. for 4 days. Then ice water (30 ml) was added and the mixture was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (50 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=95/5) to give 120 mg of product [Molecular Formula: C₇₀H₁₂₈N₁₂O₁₄; Exact Mass: 1360.97; MS (m/z): 1361.72 (M+1)⁺; TLC Rf: 0.38 (dichloromethane/methanol=9/1); HPLC RT: 16.71 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/0.077% ammonium acetate in water; operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 123 [(R)-(3-Hydroxypropoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(R)-α-hydroxymethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (0.25 g, 0.20 mmol) in benzene (30 ml) were added a solution of sodium hydroxide (1.00 g, 25 mmol) in water (2 ml), 2-(3-bromopropoxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran (2.50 g, 11.21 mmol) and tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (0.2 g, 0.62 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 30° C. for 4 hours. Then ice water (30 ml) was added and the mixture was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (25 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=97/3) to give the product [Molecular Formula: C₆₆H₁₁₉N₁₁O₁₅; Exact Mass: 1305.89; MS (m/z): 1306.46 (M+1)⁺; TLC Rf: 0.38 (dichloromethane/methanol=9/1); HPLC RT: 12.94 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temp: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Example 124 [(R)-(4-Acetoxybutyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(R)-α-hydroxymethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (0.34 g, 0.27 mmol) in benzene (10.0 ml) were added 4-bromobutyl acetate (1.56 ml, d 1.348, 10.81 mmol), tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (0.30 g, 0.94 mmol) and sodium hydroxide (0.70 g, 17.6 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for two hours and then washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate. After removal of solvent under reduced pressure, the residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel to give pure product [Molecular formula: C₆₉H₁₂₃N₁₁O₁₆; Exact Mass: 1361.91; MS (m/z): 1362.51 (M+1)⁺, 1385.77 (M+Na)⁺].

Example 125 [(R)-(4-Hydroxylbutoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[(R)-(4-Acetoxybutyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (49 mg, 0.036 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (5 ml). Water (3 ml) and potassium carbonate (99 mg, 0.72 mmol) were added and the mixture was stirred for two hours. After removal of methanol, the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (6 ml). The ethyl acetate layer was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel with ethyl acetate/methanol as eluent to give 22 mg of the pure product [Molecular formula: C₆₇H₁₂₁N₁₁O₁₅; Exact Mass: 1319.90; MS (m/z): 1320.58 (M+1)⁺, 1342.78 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.20 (methylene/methanol=25/1); HPLC RT: 13.62 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temp: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Example 126 [(R)-(4-Methoxylbutoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(S)-α-hydroxymethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (0.624 g, 0.50 mmol) in benzene (20 ml) were added a solution of sodium hydroxide (1.40 g, 35 mmol) in water (2 ml), 1-bromo-4-methoxybutane (0.84 g, 5.0 mmol) and tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (0.563 g, 1.75 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight and then at 30° C. for 4 hours. Then ice water (30 ml) was added and separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (25 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=20:1) to give 50 mg of product [Molecular formula: C₆₈H₁₂₃N₁₁O₁₅; Exact Mass: 1333.92; MS (m/z): 1334.44 (M+1)⁺, 1356.67 (M+Na); TLC Rf: 0.33 (dichloromethane/methanol=20/1); HPLC RT: 15.52 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/0.077% NH₄OAc in water; operation temperature: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Example 127 [(R)-(5-Hydroxypentyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(R)-α-hydroxymethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (0.25 g, 0.20 mmol) in benzene (30 ml) were added a solution of sodium hydroxide (1.00 g, 25 mmol) in water (2 ml), 5-bromopentyl acetate (2.20 g, 10.53 mmol) and tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (0.2 g, 0.62 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 30° C. for 10 hours. Then ice water (30 ml) was added and the mixture was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (25 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=97/3) to give the product [Molecular Formula: C₆₈H₁₂₃N₁₁O₁₅; Exact Mass: 1333.92; MS (m/z): 1334.46 (M+1)⁺; TLC Rf: 0.30 (dichloromethane/methanol=95/5); HPLC RT: 14.22 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temp: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Example 128 [(γ-(Methylthio)methoxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (4.50 g, 3.70 mmol) in anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide (25 ml) was added acetic anhydride (15 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 17 hours. After diluted with ethyl acetate (75 ml), the mixture was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate water solution and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified on silica gel chromatography with dichloromethane/methanol (98/2) as eluant to give 2.35 g of [(γ-methylthio)methoxy-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [Molecular Formula: C₆₄H₁₁₅N₁₁O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1277.84; MS (m/z): 1300.70 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.30 (dichloromethane/methanol=95/5); HPLC RT: 19.57 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/0.077% ammonium acetate in water; operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 129 [γ-(Methoxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [γ-(Methylthio)methoxy-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (1.20 g, 0.94 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (40 ml) was added Raney Ni (˜2 g). The resulting suspension was stirred and heated to 60° C. for 30 minutes and the reaction was monitored by LC-MS. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filter cake was washed with tetrahydrofuran. The filtrate was collected and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography using eluant of ethyl acetate/methanol (97.5/2.5) to give 0.60 g of product [Molecular Formula: C₆₃H₁₁₃N₁₁O₁₃; Exact Mass: 1231.85; MS (m/z): 1232.70 (M+1)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.46 (dichloromethane/methanol=95/5); HPLC RT: 20.63 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/0.077% ammonium acetate in water; operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 130 [α-Carboxy-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

n-Butyllithium (2.8 M in tetrahydrofuran/hexane, 5.00 ml, 14.00 mmol) was added to a solution of diisopropylamine (1.44 g, 14.30 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (30 ml) at −78° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. After the mixture was stirred for one and half hour, a solution of [γ-(methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (1.20 g, 0.97 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (6 ml) was added slowly. The stirring was continued at −78° C. for 2 hours. Then carbon dioxide gas was bubbled into the reaction mixture for one hour. The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature slowly and stirred for another 3 hours. After most of solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure, dichloromethane (30 ml) and water (30 ml) were added. The PH of the mixture was adjusted to around 5 by adding aqueous citric acid. The mixture was separated, and the dichloromethane layer was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 1.20 g of crude product used for next step [Molecular Formula: C₆₄H₁₁₃N₁₁O₁₅; Exact Mass: 1275.84; MS (m/z): 1298.53 (M+Na)⁺].

Example 131 [α-Methoxycarbonyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a mixture of [α-carboxyl-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (1.20 g. 0.94 mmol) and potassium carbonate (0.80 g, 5.79 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (25 ml) was added iodomethane (0.80 g, 5.63 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Dichloromethane (75 ml) and water (30 ml) were added and the mixture was separated. The dichloromethane layer was washed with water (25 ml) and brine (25 ml), dried magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 1.10 g of crude product [Molecular Formula: C₆₅H₁₁₅N₁₁O₁₅; Exact Mass: 1289.86; MS (m/z): 1312.72 (M+Na)⁺].

Example 132 [(R)-α-Hydroxymethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a suspension of [α-methoxycarbonyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (1.10 g, 0.85 mmol) and lithium chloride (1.00 g, 23.53 mmol) in methanol (80 ml) was added sodium borohydride (2.00 g, 52.91 mmol) in portions. The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight and concentrated under reduced pressure. Dichloromethane (50 ml) and water (30 ml) were added and the mixture was separated. The dichloromethane layer was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=97/3) to give 310 mg of product [Molecular Formula: C₆₄H₁₁₅N₁₁O₁₄; Exact Mass: 1261.86; MS (m/z): 1262.68 (M+1)⁺].

Example 133 [α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin was prepared according to the method described in Example 28 [Molecular Formula: C₆₄H₁₁₃N₁₁O₁₃; Exact Mass: 1243.85; MS (m/z): 1244.57 (M+1)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.34 (hexane/acetone=6/1); HPLC RT: 17.10 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid), operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm].

Example 134 [(S)-(2-(N,N-Dimethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (0.24 g, 0.19 mmol) and 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylthiol hydrochloride (0.27 g, 1.91 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (30 ml), followed by adding 20 equivalents of lithium hydroxide (46 mg, 1.90 mmol). The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. After removal of solvent, the residue was purified by flash chromatography using methylene chloride/methanol (96/4) as eluent to give 0.11 g of pure product [Molecular Formula: C₆₈H₁₂₄N₁₂O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1348.93; MS (m/e): 1349.85 (M+1)⁺, 1371.81 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.20 (ethyl acetate/methanol (5:1); HPLC RT: 12.42 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 135 [(S)-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [α-methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (280 mg, 0.23 mmol) and 2-diethylaminoethanethiol hydrochloride (570 mg, 3.37 mmol) in methanol (15 ml) was added lithium hydroxide (142 mg, 5.92 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. Most of solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Dichloromethane (80 ml) and water (30 ml) were added and the mixture was separated. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=97/3) to give 110 mg of product [Molecular Formula: C₇₀H₁₂₈N₁₂O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1376.94; MS (m/z): 1377.67 (M+1)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.35 (dichloromethane/methanol=95/5); HPLC RT: 13.17 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 136 [(S)-(2-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [α-methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (230 mg, 0.18 mmol) and 2-(N-pyrrolidinyl)ethanethiol (340 mg, 2.59 mmol) in methanol (15 ml) was added lithium hydroxide (120 mg, 5.00 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. Most of solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Dichloromethane (30 ml) and water (30 ml) were added and the mixture was separated. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=96/4) to give 55 mg of product [Molecular Formula: C₇₀H₁₂₆N₁₂O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1374.93; MS (m/z): 1375.57 (M+1)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.29 (dichloromethane/methanol=95/5); HPLC RT: 12.90 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 137 [(S)-(2-(N-Morpholino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [α-methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (250 mg, 0.20 mmol) and 2-morpholinoethanethiol (260 mg, 1.76 mmol) in methanol (15 ml) was added lithium hydroxide (120 mg, 5.00 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Most of solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Dichloromethane (60 ml) and water (30 ml) were added and the mixture was separated. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=97/3) to give 70 mg of product [Molecular Formula: C₇₀H₁₂₆N₁₂O₁₄S; Exact Mass: 1390.92; MS (m/z): 1391.58 (M+1)⁺; TLC Rf: 0.38 (dichloromethane/methanol=9/1); HPLC RT: 12.48 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 138 [(S)-(3-(N,N-Dimethylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (0.25 g, 0.20 mmol) and 3-(N,N-dimethylamino)propylthiol (0.24 g, 2.00 mmol) were dissolved in methanol (20 ml), followed by adding 10 equivalents of lithium hydroxide (48 mg, 2.00 mmol). The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. After removal of solvent, the residue was purified by flash chromatography using methylene chloride/methanol as eluent to give 80 mg of pure product [Molecular Formula: C₆₉H₁₂₆N₁₂O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1362.93; MS (m/e): 1363.70 (M+1)⁺. TLC R_(f): 0.20 (ethyl acetate/methanol=10/1); HPLC RT: 12.82 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 139 [(S)-(3-(N,N-Diethylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (0.25 g, 0.20 mmol) and 3-(N,N-diethylamino)propylthiol (0.30 g, 2.00 mmol) were dissolved in methanol (20 ml), followed by adding 10 equivalents of lithium hydroxide (48 mg, 2.00 mmol). The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. After removal of solvent, the residue was purified by flash chromatography using methylene chloride/methanol as eluent to give 120 mg of pure product [Molecular Formula: C₇₁H₁₃₀N₁₂S; Exact Mass: 1390.96; MS (m/e): 1391.64 (M+1)⁺, 1413.79 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.25 (ethyl acetate/methanol=10/1); HPLC RT: 13.57 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 140 [(S)-(3-(N-Piperidinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (0.37 g, 0.30 mmol) and 3-(N-piperidino)propylthiol (0.48 g, 3.00 mmol) were dissolved in methanol (30 ml), followed by adding 10 equivalents of lithium hydroxide (72 mg, 3.00 mmol). The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. After removal of solvent, the residue was purified by flash chromatography using methylene chloride/methanol as eluent to give 60 mg of pure product [Molecular Formula: C₇₂H₁₃₀N₁₂O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1402.96; MS (m/e): 1403.69 (M+1)⁺, 1425 (M+Na)⁺; TLC: R_(f): 0.3 (ethyl acetate/methanol=10/1); HPLC RT: 13.59 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 141 [(S)-(3-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [α-methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (280 mg, 0.23 mmol) and 3-(N-pyrrolidinyl)propanethiol (350 mg, 2.41 mmol) in methanol (15 ml) was added lithium hydroxide (120 mg, 5.00 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Then most of solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Dichloromethane (80 ml) and water (25 ml) were added and the mixture was separated. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=94/6) to give 47 mg of product [Molecular Formula: C₇₁H₁₂₈N₁₂O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1388.94; MS (m/z): 1389.68 (M+1)⁺; TLC Rf: 0.30 (dichloromethane/methanol=95/5); HPLC RT: 13.25 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 142 [(S)-(3-(N-Morphlino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (320 mg, 0.26 mmol) and 3-morpholinopropanethiol (600 mg, 3.73 mmol) in methanol (25 ml) was added lithium hydroxide (140 mg, 5.83 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Then most of solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Dichloromethane (60 ml) and water (25 ml) were added and the mixture was separated. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=97/3) to give 58 mg of product [Molecular Formula: C₇₁H₁₂₈N₁₂O₁₄S; Exact Mass: 1404.94; MS (m/z): 1405.52 (M+1)⁺; TLC Rf: 0.39 (dichloromethane/methanol=9/1); HPLC RT: 15.96 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/0.077% ammonium acetate in water; operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 143 [(S)-(4-Methoxybutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[(S)-(4-Hydroxylbutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (100 mg, 0.075 mmol) was dissolved in of benzene (3 ml), followed by adding 3.5 equivalents of tetrabutylammonium bromide, 75 equivalents of 50% of sodium hydroxide and iodomethene (0.425 g. 3.00 mol). The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature and diluted with benzene (10 ml). The organic mixture was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfite and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was subject to a flash chromatography using ethyl acetate/methanol as eluent to give 25 mg of product [Molecular formula: C₆₉H₁₂₅N₁₁O₁₄S; Exact Mass: 1363.91; MS (m/z): 1364.35 (M+1)⁺, 1386.70 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.38 (ethyl acetate/methanol=20/1); HPLC RT: 16.72 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temp: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Example 144 [(R)-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(R)-α-hydroxymethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (0.20 g, 0.16 mmol) in benzene (10 ml) were added a solution of sodium hydroxide (0.48 g, 12.00 mmol) in water (1 ml), 2-bromo-N,N-diethylethylamine hydrobromide (1.10 g, 4.21 mmol) and tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (0.10 g, 0.31 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 35° C. for 40 hours. Ice water (10 ml) was added and the mixture was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (20 ml). The combined organic layers was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=96/4) to give 36 mg of product [Molecular Formula: C₇₀H₁₂₈N₁₂O₁₄; Exact Mass: 1360.97; MS (m/z): 1383.74 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.32 (dichloromethane/methanol=95/5); HPLC RT: 13.66 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/0.077% ammonium acetate in water; operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm);

¹H NMR spectrum (600 MHz, CDCl₃, δ in ppm): 0.65 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 3H), 0.82 (m, 9H), 0.87 (m, 6H), 0.91 (d, J=6. Hz, 3H), 0.93 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 3H), 0.98-1.01 (m, 15H), 1.07 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 1.11 (s, 6H), 1.23 (m, 6H), 1.33 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.39-1.47 (m, 2H), 1.53-1.58 (m, 4H), 1.6 (m, 3H), 1.67-1.75 (m, 3H), 1.98-2.12 (m, 4H), 2.43-2.48 (m, 3H), 2.50-2.54 (m, 4H), 2.60 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.67 (s, 3H), 2.68 (s, 3H), 3.07 (s, 3H), 3.10 (s, 3H), 3.12 (s, 3H), 3.24 (s, 3H), 3.26 (s, 3H), 3.48 (m, 4H), 3.52-3.56 (m, 1H), 3.60-3.62 (m, 1H), 3.67-3.70 (m, 1H), 3.80 (m, 1H), 4.06 (t, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 4.52 (m, 1H), 4.57 (m, 1H), 4.80 (m, 1H), 4.91 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 5.04 (m, 3H), 5.11 (d, J=11.4 Hz, 1H), 5.28-5.34 (m, 2H), 5.50 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 5.67 (m, 1H), 7.10 (d, J=7.8 Hz 1H), 7.48 (d, J=7.80 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.91 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 1H)].

Example 145 [(R)-(2-(N,N-Dimethylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(R)-α-hydroxymethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (250 mg, 0.20 mmol) in benzene (20 ml) were added a solution of sodium hydroxide (633 mg, 15.85 mmol) in water (0.70 ml), tetramethylammonium hydroxide pentahydrate (720 mg, 3.96 mmol) and 2-dimethylaminoethyl chloride hydrochloride (570 mg, 3.96 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 40 to 50° C. for two days. Sodium hydroxide (633 mg, 15.85 mmol) in water (0.70 ml), tetramethylammonium hydroxide pentahydrate (720 mg, 3.96 mmol) and 2-dimethylaminoethyl chloride hydrochloride (570 mg, 3.96 mmol) were added and the mixture was kept stirring at 40 to 50° C. for another two days. Another portion of 2-dimethylaminoethyl chloride hydrochloride (1.14 g, 7.91 mmol) was added and the stirring was continued at 40 to 50° C. for one more day. Sodium bicarbonate saturated solution (30 ml) was added and the mixture was separated. Then the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (25 ml×2). The combined organic layers were dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (25 ml). The resulting ethyl acetate phase was washed with acetic acid solution (5 ml in 10 ml water) and sodium bicarbonate saturated solution (30 ml), dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. After purified on silica gel, 21 mg product was obtained [Molecular Formula: C₆₈H₁₂₄N₁₂O₁₄; Exact Mass: 1332.94; MS (m/z): 1333.75 (M+1)⁺, 1355.87 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.22 (dichloromethane/methanol=9/1); HPLC RT: 17.3 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/0.077% ammonium acetate in water; operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)]

Example 146 [(R)-(2-(N-Morphlino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(R)-α-hydroxymethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (250 mg, 0.20 mmol) in benzene (20 ml) was added a solution of sodium hydroxide (633 mg, 15.85 mmol) in water (0.70 ml), followed by tetramethylammonium hydroxide pentahydrate (720 mg, 3.96 mmol) and 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl chloride hydrochloride (737 mg, 3.96 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 40 to 50° C. for two days. Sodium hydroxide (633 mg, 15.85 mmol) in water (0.70 ml), tetramethylammonium hydroxide pentahydrate (720 mg, 3.96 mmol) and 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl chloride hydrochloride (737 mg, 3.96 mmol) were added and the mixture was kept stirring at 40 to 50° C. for another two days. Another portion of 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl chloride hydrochloride (1.47 g, 7.91 mmol) was added and the stirring was continued at 40 to 50° C. for two more days. Sodium bicarbonate saturated solution (30 ml) was added and the mixture was separated. Then the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (25 ml×2). The combined organic layers were dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (25 ml). And the resulting ethyl acetate phase was washed with acetic acid solution (5 ml in 10 ml water) and sodium bicarbonate saturated solution (30 ml), dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. After purified on silica gel, 45 mg product was obtained [Molecular Formula: C₇₀H₁₂₆N₁₂O₁₅; Exact Mass: 1374.95; MS (m/z): 1375.63 (M+1)⁺, 1397.79 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.42 (dichloromethane/methanol=9/1); HPLC RT: 12.9 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/0.077% ammonium acetate in water; operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)]

Example 147 [(R)-(3-(N,N-Dimethylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporine

To a solution of [(R)-α-hydroxymethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (250 mg, 0.20 mmol) in benzene (20 ml) were added a solution of sodium hydroxide (633 mg, 15.85 mmol) in water (0.70 ml), tetramethylammonium hydroxide pentahydrate (720 mg, 3.96 mmol) and 3-dimethylaminopropyl chloride hydrochloride (626 mg, 3.96 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 40 to 50° C. for two days. Sodium hydroxide (633 mg, 15.85 mmol) in water (0.70 ml), tetramethylammonium hydroxide pentahydrate (720 mg, 3.96 mmol) and 3-dimethylaminopropyl chloride hydrochloride (626 mg, 3.96 mmol) were added and the mixture was kept stirring at 40 to 50° C. for another two days. Another portion of 3-dimethylaminopropyl chloride hydrochloride (1.25 g, 7.91 mmol) was added and the stirring was continued at 40 to 50° C. for one more day. Sodium bicarbonate saturated solution (30 ml) was added and the mixture was separated. Then the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (25 ml×2). The combined organic layers were dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (25 ml). And the resulting ethyl acetate phase was washed with acetic acid solution (5 ml in 10 ml water) and sodium bicarbonate saturated solution (30 ml), dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. After purified on silica gel, 36 mg product was obtained [Molecular Formula: C₆₉H₁₂₆N₁₂O₁₄; Exact Mass: 1346.95; MS (m/z): 1347.65 (M+1)⁺, 1369.74 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.21 (dichloromethane/methanol=9/1). HPLC RT: 18.8 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/0.077% ammonium acetate in water; operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 148 [(R)-(3-(N,N-Diethylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporine

To a solution of [(R)-α-hydroxymethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (250 mg, 0.20 mmol) in benzene (20 ml) was added a solution of sodium hydroxide (633 mg, 15.85 mmol) in water (0.70 ml), followed by adding tetramethylammonium hydroxide pentahydrate (720 mg, 3.96 mmol) and 3-diethylaminopropyl chloride hydrochloride (737 mg, 3.96 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 40 to 50° C. for two days. Sodium hydroxide (633 mg, 15.85 mmol) in water (0.70 ml), tetramethylammonium hydroxide pentahydrate (720 mg, 3.96 mmol) and 3-diethylaminopropyl chloride hydrochloride (737 mg, 3.96 mmol) were added and the mixture was kept stirring at 40 to 50° C. for another two days. Another portion of 3-diethylaminopropyl chloride hydrochloride (1.47 g, 7.91 mmol) was added and the stirring was continued at 40 to 50° C. for two more days. Sodium bicarbonate saturated solution (30 ml) was added and the mixture was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (25 ml×2). Then the combined organic layers were dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (25 ml). And the resulting ethyl acetate phase was washed with acetic acid solution (5 ml in 10 ml water) and sodium bicarbonate saturated solution (30 ml), dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. After purified on silica gel, 38 mg product was obtained [Molecular Formula: C₇₁H₁₃₀N₁₂O₁₄; Exact Mass: 1374.98; MS (m/z): 1375.70 (M+1)⁺, 1397.80 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.24 (dichloromethane/methanol=9/1); HPLC RT: 19.6 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/0.077% ammonium acetate in water; operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)]

Example 149 [α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-methylthiomethoxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-methylthiomethoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin was prepared according to the method described in Example 28. The product was purified by chromatography on silica gel (ethyl acetate/methanol) [Molecular Formula: C₆₅H₁₁₅N₁₁O₁₃S; Exact Mass: 1289.84; MS (m/z): 1290.70 (M+1)⁺, 1312.67 (M+Na)⁺].

Example 150 [(S)-(2-(N,N-Dimethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methylthio)methoxy-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-methylthiomethoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (0.32 g, 0.25 mmol) and 2-(N,N-dimethyl)ethanethiol (0.26 g, 2.50 mmol) were dissolved in methanol (20 ml), followed by adding 24 equivalents of triethylamine. The mixture was stirred overnight. After removal of solvent, the residue was subject to chromatography using dichloromethane/methanol as eluent to give 0.14 g of pure product [Molecular Formula, C₆₉H₁₂₆N₁₂O₁₃S₂; Exact Mass: 1394.90; MS (m/z): 1395.70 (M+1)⁺, 1417.68 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.10 (ethyl acetate/methanol=10:1); HPLC RT: 13.30 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 151 [(S)-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methylthio)methoxy-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-methylthiomethoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (0.27 g, 0.21 mmol) and 2-(N,N-diethyl)ethanethiol (0.28 g, 2.10 mmol) were dissolved in methanol (20 ml), followed by adding 24 equivalents of triethylamine. The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. After removal of solvent, the residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane/methanol as eluent to give 0.17 g of pure product [Molecular Formula, C₇₁H₁₃₀N₁₂O₁₃S₂; Exact Mass: 1422.93; MS (m/z): 1423.70 (M+1)⁺, 1445.67 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.35 (ethyl acetate/methanol=10:1); HPLC RT: 13.95 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 152 [γ-Ethoxymethoxy-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (1.20 g, 0.99 mmol) in dichloromethane (80 ml) was added diisopropylethylamine (FW 129.25, d 0.742, 1.32 ml, 0.98 g, 7.60 mmol), followed by adding chloromethyl ethyl ether (FW 94.54, d 1.02, 2.22 ml, 2.27 g, 24 mmol) dropwise. The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature and TLC was used to monitor the completion of the reaction. The reaction mixture was washed with 1 N hydrochloric acid, saturated sodium bicarbonate water solution and brine. After dried over magnesium sulfate, the mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure to give a yellowish oil, which was further purified by flash chromatography using dichloromethane/methanol as eluent to give 0.95 g of the product [Molecular Formula: C₆₅H₁₁₇N₁₁O₁₄; Exact Mass: 1275.88; MS (m/z): 1276.70 (M+H)⁺, 1298.70 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.37 (ethyl acetate)].

Example 153 [α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-ethoxymethoxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[α-Methylen-Sar]-3-[(γ-ethoxymethoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin was prepared according to the method described in Example 28. The product was purified by chromatography on silica gel with ethyl acetate/methanol as eluent [Molecular Formula: C₆₆H₁₁₇N₁₁O₁₄; Exact Mass: 1287.68; MS (m/z): 1288.72 (M+1)⁺, 1310.70 (M+Na)⁺].

Example 154 [(S)-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-ethoxy)methoxy-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-ethoxymethoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (0.27 g, 0.21 mmol) and 2-(N,N-diethyl)ethanethiol (0.28 g, 2.1 mmol) were dissolved in methanol (20 ml), followed by adding 12 equivalents of triethylamine. The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. After removal of solvent, the residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane/methanol as eluent to give 90 mg of pure product [Molecular Formula: C₇₂H₁₃₂N₁₂O₁₄S; Exact Mass: 1420.97; MS (m/z): 1421.75 (M+1)⁺, 1443.72 (M+Na)⁺; TLC: R_(f): 0.40 (ethyl acetate/methanol=10/1); HPLC RT: 13.58 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 155 [α-Carboxy-Sar]-3-[NMeIle]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of LDA (2.0 M in tetrahydrofuran, 5 ml, 10 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (15 ml) at −78° C. under nitrogen atmosphere was added [N-MeIle]-4-cyclosporin (1.20 g, 1.00 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (15 ml) over 3 min After the mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 3 hours, carbon dioxide gas was bubbled into the reaction mixture for 1 hour. Then the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature slowly and kept stirring for another 3 hours. Most of tetrahydrofuran was evaporated under reduced pressure. Dichloromethane (100 ml) and water (50 ml) were added. The PH of the mixture was adjusted to around 5 by adding aqueous citric acid solution. The mixture was then separated and the organic layer was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure to give 1.10 g of crude product, which was used for next step without purification [Molecular Formula: C₆₃H₁₁₁N₁₁O₁₄; Exact Mass: 1245.83; MS (m/z): 1246.68 (M+1)⁺].

Example 156 [α-Methoxycarbonyl-Sar]-3-[NMeIle]-4-cyclosporin

To a mixture of [α-carboxy-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4-cyclosporin (1.00 g, 0.80 mmol) and potassium carbonate (0.70 g, 5.07 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (10 ml) was added iodomethane (1.50 g, 10.56 mmol). The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. Dichloromethane (80 ml) and water (50 ml) were added and the mixture was separated. The dichloromethane layer was washed with water (25 ml) and brine (25 ml), dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure to give crude 1.00 g of product [Molecular Formula: C₆₄H₁₁₃N₁₁O₁₄; Exact Mass: 1259.85; MS (m/z): 1260.51 (M+1)⁺].

Example 157 [(R)-α-Hydroxymethyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4-cyclosporin

To a suspension of [α-methoxycarbonyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4-cyclosporin (1.00 g, 0.79 mmol) and lithium chloride (0.60 g, 14.11 mmol) in methanol (80 ml) was added sodium borohydride (3.00 g, 79.26 mmol) in portions. The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. Most of solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Dichloromethane (100 ml) and water (50 ml) were added and the mixture was separated. The dichloromethane layer was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=97/3) to give 420 mg of product [Molecular Formula: C₆₃H₁₁₃N₁₁O₁₃; Exact Mass: 1231.85; MS (m/z): 1232.59 (M+1)⁺; TLC Rf: 0.32 (dichloromethane/methanol=95/5); HPLC RT: 14.32 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 158 [α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[NMeIle]-4-cyclosporin

[α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4-cyclosporin was prepared according to the method described in Example 28 [Molecular Formula: C₆₃H₁₁₁N₁₁O₁₂; Exact Mass: 1213.84; MS (m/z): 1214.59 (M+1)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.34 (hexane/acetone=6/1); HPLC RT: 17.47 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid), operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm].

Example 159 [(S)-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[NMeIle]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4-cyclosporin (300 mg, 0.25 mmol) and 2-diethylaminoethanethiol hydrochloride (408 mg, 2.41 mmol) in methanol (20 ml) was added lithium hydroxide (116 mg, 4.83 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. Most of solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Dichloromethane (80 ml) and water (30 ml) were added and the mixture was separated. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=96/4) to give 170 mg of product [Molecular Formula: C₆₉H₁₂₆N₁₂O₁₂S; Exact Mass: 1346.93; MS (m/z): 1347.68 (M+1)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.32 (dichloromethane/methanol=95/5); HPLC RT: 13.54 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 160 [(R)-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[NMeIle]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(R)-α-hydroxymethyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4-cyclosporin (0.39 g, 0.32 mmol) in benzene (20 ml) were added a solution of sodium hydroxide (0.80 g, 20 mmol) in water (1 ml), 2-bromo-N,N-diethylethylamine hydrobromide (2.40 g, 9.20 mmol) and tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (0.10 g, 3.10 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 30° C. for 40 hours. Ice water (10 ml) was added and the mixture was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (50 ml). The combined organic layers was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=96/4) to give 270 mg of product [Molecular Formula: C₆₉H₁₂₆N₁₂O₁₃; Exact Mass: 1330.96; MS (m/z): 1331.73 (M+1)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.34 (dichloromethane/methanol=95/5); HPLC RT: 13.42 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 161 [α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[NMeVal]-4-cyclosporin

[α-Methylene]-3-[N-MeVal]-4-cyclosporin was prepared according to the method described in Example 28. The product was purified by chromatography on silica gel (ethyl acetate/methanol). [Molecular Formula: C₆₂H₁₀₉N₁₁O₁₂; Exact Mass: 1199.83; MS (m/z): 1200.56 (M+1)⁺, 1222.72 (M+Na)⁺].

Example 162 [(S)-(2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[NMeVal]-4-cyclosporin

[α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4-cyclosporin (88 mg, 0.07 mmol) and 2-(N,N-dimethyl)ethanethiol hydrochloride (0.10 g, 7.30 mmol) were dissolved in methanol (20 ml), followed by adding 20 equivalents of lithium hydroxide. The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. After removal of solvent, the residue was purified by flash chromatography using dichloromethane/methanol as eluent to give 30 mg of pure product [Molecular Formula: C₆₆H₁₂₀N₁₂O₁₂S; Exact Mass: 1304.89; MS (m/z): 1305.68 (M+1)⁺, 1327.83 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.05 (ethyl acetate/methanol=5/1); HPLC RT: 12.23 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 163 [(S)-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[NMeVal]-4-cyclosporin

[α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4-cyclosporin (0.20 g, 0.16 mmol) and 2-(N,N-9diethyl)ethanethiol hydrochloride (0.28 g, 1.70 mmol) were dissolved in methanol (20 ml), followed by adding 20 equivalents of lithium hydroxide (77 mg, 3.20 mmol). The mixture was stirred overnight. After removal of solvent, the residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane/methanol as eluent to give 100 mg of pure product [Molecular Formula: C₆₈H₁₂₄N₁₂O₁₂S; Exact Mass: 1332.92; MS (m/e): 1333.58 (M+1)⁺, 1355.79 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.08 (ethyl acetate/methanol=5/1); HPLC RT: 12.77 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 164 [(R)-α-Hydroxymethyl-Sar]-3-[NMeVal]-4-cyclosporin

[(R)-α-Hydroxymethyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4-cyclosporin was prepared according to the method described in Example 2. The product was purified by chromatography on silica gel (ethyl acetate/methanol) [Molecular Formula: C₆₂H₁₁₁N₁₁O₁₃; Exact Mass: 1217.84; MS (m/z): 1218.56 (M+1)⁺, 1240.75 (M+Na)⁺].

Example 165 [(R)-(2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[NMeVal]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(R)-α-hydroxymethyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4-cyclosporin (0.12 g, 0.10 mmol) in benzene (15 ml) were added sodium hydroxide (0.20 g. 5.00 mmol), tetramethylammonium hydroxide pentahydrate (0.18 g, 1.00 mmol) and 3-dimethylaminoethyl chloride hydrochloride (0.14 g, 1.00 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 30° C. overnight. Ice water (20 ml) was added and the mixture was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (20 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to chromatography on silica gel (dichloromethane/methanol=95/5) to give the 30 mg of pure product [Molecular Formula: C₆₆H₁₂₀N₁₂O₁₃; Exact Mass: 1288.91; MS (m/z): 1289.73 (M+1)⁺, 1311.71 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.14 (dichloromethane/methanol=10/1); HPLC RT: 12.00 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 166 [(R)—(N-Piperidinyl)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

[α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (0.37 g, 0.30 mmol) and piperidine (0.26 g, 3.00 mmol) were dissolved in acetonitrile/water (20 ml) in the presence of the catalytic amount of copper (II) acetate. The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. After removal of solvent, the residue was dissolved in dichloromethane (30 ml). The dichloromethane phase was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was further purified by chromatography on silica gel (dichloromethane/methanol, 96/4) to give 0.17 g of product [Molecular Formula: C₆₈H₁₂₂N₁₂O₁₃; Exact Mass: 1314.93; MS (m/z): 1315.74 (M+1)⁺, 1337.86 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.10 (ethyl acetate/methanol=5/1); HPLC RT: 11.70 min (C8 reverse phase column: 150 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% TFA); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 167 [(γ-Allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

Under nitrogen atmosphere, to a mixture of [(γ-Hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (FW 1218.61, 800 mg, 0.66 mmol) and ally 2,2,2-trichloroacetimidate (FW 202.47, 930 mg, 4.6 mmol) in 150 ml of DCM was added trimethylsily trifluoromethanesulfonate (FW 222.26, d 1.228, 250 mg, 1.12 mmol) at 0° C. The resulting mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for overnight. Then the mixture was washed with saturated NaHCO₃ water solution and brine. The organic layer was separated, dried over MgSO₄ and evaporated under vacuum. The residue was purified by column chromatography using DCM/MeOH (98/2) to give product [Molecular formula: C₆₅H₁₁₅N₁₁O₁₃; Exact Mass: 1257.87; MS (m/z): 1280.7 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.46 (DCM/MeOH=95/5); HPLC RT: 16.45 minutes (C8 reverse phase column, 250 mm, acetonitrile/0.05% TFA in water, operation temperature: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Example 168 [(R)-2-Nitroethyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin

To a solution of [α-methylene-Sar]-3-cyclosporin (FW 1214.62, 1.0 g, 0.82 mmol) in nitromethane (15 ml) was added 1,8-diazbicyclo[5,4,0]undec-7-ene (FW 152.24, 1.0 g, 6.6 mmol). After stirred at room temperature for 2 days, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was mixed with water dichloromethane. The dichloromethane layer was washed with aqueous citric acid solution and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (hexane/acetone=3/1) to give the product [Molecular formula: C₆₄H₁₁₄N₁₂O₁₄; Exact Mass: 1274.86; MS (m/z): 1275.54 (M+1)⁺].

Example 169 [(R)-2-Aminoethyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin

To a mixture of [(R)-2-nitroethyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin (FW 1275.66, 210 mg, 0.16 mmol) and zinc (FW 65.38, 1 g, 15.3 mmol) in ethanol (20 ml) was added 10% aqueous hydrochloric acid (10 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight (monitored by LC-MS) and filtered. The filter cake was washed with ethanol. The filtrate was concentrated and diluted with dichloromethane. The dichloromethan layer was washed with aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=95/5) to give the product [Molecular formula: C₆₄H₁₁₆N₁₂O₁₂; Exact Mass: 1244.88; MS (m/z): 1245.54 (M+1)⁺].

Example 170 [(R)-2-(N,N-Dimethylamino)ethyl-Sar]-3-Cyclosporin

To a solution of [(R)-2-aminoethyl-Sar]-3-Cyclosporin (FW 1245.68, 122 mg, 0.1 mmol) in chloroform (6 ml) were added formaldehyde aqueous 37% solution (0.6 ml) and acetic acid (6 drops). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 min. Then tetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydride (FW 263.10, 131 mg, 0.5 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was continued to stir for one hour. The mixture was diluted with dichloromethane. The organic layer was washed with aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=96/4) to give the product [Molecular formula: C₆₆H₁₂₀N₁₂O₁₂; Exact Mass: 1272.91; MS (m/z): 1273.70 (M+1)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.27 (dichloromethane/methanol); HPLC RT: 12.42 minutes].

Example 171 [(R)-2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethyl-Sar]-3-Cyclosporin

To a solution of 3-amino cyclosporine (FW 1245.68, 124 mg, 0.1 mmol) in chloroform (6 ml) were added acetaldehyde (FW 44.06, 78 mg, 1.77 mmol) and acetic acid (drops). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 min. Then tetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydride (FW 263.10, 126 mg, 0.48 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was continued to stir for 1 hour. The mixture was diluted with dichloromethane. The organic layer was washed with aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=97/3) to give product [Molecular formula: C₆₈H₁₂₄N₁₂O₁₂; Exact Mass: 1300.95; MS (m/z): 1301.72 (M+1)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.33 (dichloromethane/methanol=95/5); HPLC RT: 13.28 minutes (C8 reverse phase column, 250 mm, acetonitril-water/(0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 172 [(2-Methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-Sar]-3-cyclosporin

n-Butyllithium (15.84 ml, 2.89 M, 45.79 mmol) was added to a solution of diisopropylamine (6.50 ml, 45.79 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (80 ml) at −78° C. under nitrogen and the reaction mixture was stirred for an hour. A solution of cyclosporine A (5.00 g, 4.16 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (20 ml) was added over 10 minutes and the mixture was stirred at −78° C. for another two hours. Then methyl bromoacetate (7.00 g, 45.79 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at −78° C. for one hour. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm up to room temperature slowly and stirred overnight. Most of tetrahydrofuran was removed under vacuum at room temperature. Ethyl acetate (50 ml) and 50 ml brine were added and separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (20 ml×3). The combined ethyl acetate layers were dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column to give to give 2.11 g of [(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-Sar]-3-cyclosporin [Molecular Formula: C₆₅H₁₁₅N₁₁O₁₄; Exact Mass: 1273.86; MS (m/z): 1274.44 (M+1)⁺, 1296.63 (M+Na)⁺].

[(2-(t-Butoxy)-2-oxoethyl)-Sar]-3-cyclosporin was synthesized using a method analogous to a procedure described by Seebach D, et al., 1993, Helv. Chim Acta, 76, 1564-1590.

Example 173 [(R)-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-Sar]-3-cyclosporin and [(S)-(2-hydroxyethyl)-Sar]-3-cyclosporin

[(2-Methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-Sar]-3-cyclosporin (1.00 g, 0.79 mmol) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (30 ml), followed by adding cesium chloride (1.00 g, 5.94 mmol) and sodium borohydride (1.00 g, 26.43 mmol). Then 30 ml of methanol was added dropwise to the mixture over one hour. After addition, the mixture was stirred at room temperature for another hour. Most solvent was then evaporated under reduced pressure. Ethyl acetate (30 ml) and water (30 ml) were added. The ethyl acetate layer was separated and washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography to give the product of isomer A as [(R)-(2-hydroxyethyl)-Sar]-3-cyclosporin [Molecular Formula: C₆₄H₁₁₅N₁₁O₁₃; Exact Mass: 1245.87; MS (m/z): 1246.49.52 (M+1)⁺, 1268.72 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.46 (dichloromethane/methanol=9:1); HPLC RT: 16.06 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)] and the product of isomer B as [(S)-(2-hydroxyethyl)-Sar]-3-cyclosporin [Molecular Formula: C₆₄H₁₁₅N₁₁O₁₃; Exact Mass: 1245.87; MS (m/z): 1246.49 (M+1)⁺, 1268.68 (M+Na)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.46 (dichloromethane/methanol=9:1); HPLC RT: 15.15 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid); operation temperature: 64° C.; detector: 210 nm)].

Example 174 [(R)-2-Nitroethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-Cyclosporin

To a solution of [α-Methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (FW 1230.62, 1.6 g, 1.3 mmol) in 20 ml of nitromethane was added 1,8-diazbicyclo[5,4,0]undec-7-ene (4 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was mixed with water and dichloromethane and separated. The organic layer was washed with aqueous citric acid solution and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=97/3) to give the product (R-isomer) 600 mg [Molecular formula: C₆₄H₁₁₄N₁₂O₁₅; Exact Mass: 1290.85; MS (m/z): 1291.72 (M+1)⁺. HPLC RT: 14.95 minutes]. (S-isomer) 360 mg [Molecular formula: C₆₄H₁₁₄N₁₂O₁₅; Exact Mass: 1290.85; MS (m/z): 1291.72 (M+1)⁺; HPLC RT: 14.43 minutes].

Example 175 [(R)-2-Aminoethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-Cyclosporin

To a mixture of [(R)-2-nitroethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (FW 1291.66, 400 mg, 0.31 mmol) and zinc (1.5 g) in ethanol (30 ml) was added 10% aqueous hydrochloric acid (30 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight (monitored by LC-MS) and filtered. The filter cake was washed with ethanol. The combined filtrate was concentrated and diluted with dichloromethane. The organic layer was washed with aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=95/5) to give the product [Molecular formula: C₆₄H₁₁₆N₁₂O₁₃; Exact Mass: 1260.88; MS (m/z): 1261.70 (M+1)⁺].

Example 176 [(R)-2-(N,N-Dimethylamino)ethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [(R)-2-aminoethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (FW 1261.68, 180 mg, 0.14 mmol) in chloroform (6 ml) were added formaldehyde aqueous 37% solution (0.8 ml) and acetic acid (8 drops). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 min. Then tetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydride (263.10, 200 mg, 0.76 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was continued to stir for one hour. The mixture was diluted with dichloromethane. The organic layer was washed with aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=95/5) to give the product [Molecular formula: C₆₆H₁₂₀N₁₂O₁₃; Exact Mass: 1288.91; MS (m/z): 1289.76 (M+1)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.32 (dichloromethane/methanol=9/1); HPLC RT: 11.14 minutes].

Example 177 [(R)-2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-Cyclosporin

To a solution of [(R)-2-aminoethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (FW 1261.68, 129 mg, 0.10 mmol) in chloroform (10 ml) were added acetaldehyde (FW 44.06, 80 mg, 1.8 mmol) and acetic acid (7 drops). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 min. Then tetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydride (FW 263.10, 200 mg, 0.76 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was continued to stir for one hour. The mixture was diluted with dichloromethane. The organic layer was washed with aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=95/5) to give the product [Molecular formula: C₆₈H₁₂₄N₁₂O₁₃; Exact Mass: 1316.94; MS (m/z): 1317.70 (M+1)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.39 (Dichloromethane/methanol=9/1); HPLC RT: 12.06 minutes].

Example 178 [(S)-2-Aminoethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a mixture of [(S)-2-nitroethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (FW 1291.66, 350 mg, 0.27 mmol) and zinc (1.5 g) in ethanol (25 ml) was added 10% aqueous hydrochloric acid (15 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight (monitored by LC-MS) and filtered. The filter cake was washed with ethanol. The combined filtrate was concentrated and diluted with dichloromethane. The organic solution was washed with aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=96/4) to give the product [Molecular formula: C₆₄H₁₁₆N₁₂O₁₃; Exact Mass: 1260.88; MS (m/z): 1261.64 (M+1)⁺].

Example 179 [(S)-2-(N,N-Dimethylamino)ethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-Cyclosporin

To a solution of [(S)-2-aminoethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (FW 1261.68, 13 0 mg, 0.10 mmol) in chloroform (10 ml) were added formaldehyde aqueous 37% solution (0.7 ml) and acetic acid (7 drops). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 min. Then tetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydride (263.10, 200 mg, 0.76 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was continued to stir for one hour. The mixture was diluted with dichloromethane. The organic layer was washed with aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and brine, dried over Magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=95/5) to give the product [Molecular formula: C₆₆H₁₂₀N₁₂O₁₃; Exact Mass: 1288.91; MS (m/z): 1289.70 (M+1)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.35 (Dichloromethane/methanol=9/1); HPLC RT: 11.02 minutes].

Example 180 [(S)-2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-Cyclosporin

To a solution of [(S)-2-aminoethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (FW 1261.68, 129 mg, 0.10 mmol) in chloroform (10 ml) were added acetaldehyde (FW 44.06, 80 mg, 1.8 mmol) and acetic acid (7 drops). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes. Then tetramethylammonium triacetoxyborohydride (FW 263.10, 200 mg, 0.76 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was continued to stir for one hour. The mixture was diluted with dichloromethane. The organic layer was washed with aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=95/5) to give the product [Molecular formula: C₆₈H₁₂₄N₁₂O₁₃; Exact Mass: 1316.94; MS (m/z): 1317.70 (M+1)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.41 (Dichloromethane/methanol=9/1); HPLC RT: 11.96 minutes].

Example 181 [(R)-2-Nitro-3-(N,N-Dimethylamino)propyl-Sar]-3-Cyclosporin

To a mixture of [(R)-2-nitroethyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin (FW 1275.66, 360 mg, 0.28 mmol) and dimethymethyleneammonium iodide (FW 185.01, 550 mg, 15.4 mmol) acetonitrile (in 25 ml) was added triethylamine (10 drops). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight (monitored by LC-MS). The mixture was concentrated and diluted with dichloromethane. The organic layer was washed with aqueous water and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was used for next step.

Example 182 [(R)-3-(N,N-Dimethylamino)propyl-Sar]-3-Cyclosporin

To a mixture of cylcosporine (crude form previous step FW 1332.76, 0.28 mmol) and tri-n-butyltin hydride (FW 291.07, 0.41 g, 1.4 mmol) in benzene (25 ml) was added AIBN (FW 164.21, 46 mg, 0.28 mmol) under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was heated to reflux with stirring for 8 hours. After the reaction was completed (monitored by LC-MS), the reaction mixture was washed with aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and brine followed by evaporated under vacuum. The residue was purified by chromatography (Dichloromethane/methanol=95/5) to give the product [Molecular formula: C₆₇H₁₂₂N₁₂O₁₂; Exact Mass: 1286.93; MS (m/z): 1287.71 (M+1)⁺; TLC R_(f): 0.36 (dichloromethane/methanol=95/5); HPLC RT: 12.57 minutes].

Example 183 [(R)-3-ethoxy-2-(ethoxycarbonyl)-3-oxopropyl)-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a solution of [α-methylene-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (0.61 g, 0.50 mmol) and diethyl malonate (1.00 g, 6.25 mmol) in ethanol anhydrous (30 ml) was added sodium ethoxide (0.82 g, 12.05 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was mixed with water (30 ml) and dichloromethane (80 ml) and separated. The organic layer was washed with aqueous citric acid and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (hexane/acetone=2/1) to give the product. [Molecular formula: C₇₀H₁₂₃N₁₁O₁₇; Exact Mass: 1389.91; MS (m/z): 1390.56 (M+1)⁺; TLC Rf: 0.30 (dichloromethane/methanol=95/5); HPLC RT: 15.32 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% TFA); operation temperature: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Example 184 [(R)-3-Hydroxy-2-(hydroxylmethyl)propyl)-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

To a suspension [(R)-3-ethoxy-2-(ethoxycarbonyl)-3-oxopropyl)-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (150 mg, 0.11 mmol) and lithium chloride (580 mg, 13.81 mmol) in methanol (50 ml) was added sodium borohydride (1.20 g, 31.75 mmol) in portions. The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. Most of solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Dichloromethane (100 ml) and water (50 ml) were added and separated. The dichloromethane layer was washed with brine, dried over Magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol=97/3) to give product. [Molecular formula: C₆₆H₁₁₉N₁₁O₁₅; Exact Mass: 1305.89; MS (m/z): 1306.48 (M+1)⁺; TLC Rf: 0.22 (dichloromethane/methanol=9/1); HPLC RT: 10.65 min (C8 reverse phase column: 250 mm; acetonitrile/water (0.05% TFA); operation temperature: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm)].

Reference Example 1 [α-Carboxy-Sar]-3-cyclosporin

n-Butyllithium (2.87 M, 27 mmol, 9.4 ml, 10 eq) was added to a solution of diisopropylamine (3.8 ml, 27 mmol, 10 eq) in tetrahydrofuran (80 ml) at −78° C. under nitrogen. After the reaction mixture was stirred for an hour, a solution of cyclosporine A (3.2 g, 2.66 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (15 ml) was added over 10 min. The stirring was continued at −78° C. for 2 hours. Carbon dioxide gas was bubbled through the reaction mixture for 20-25 minutes and stirred at −78° C. for another hour. Then the cooling bath was removed and the reaction mixture was allowed to warm up to 0° C. slowly. Most of tetrahydrofuran was removed under vacuum at room temperature. The residue was quenched by the addition of saturated citric acid solution and the pH of the mixture was adjusted to around 7-8. The unreacted cyclosporin was extracted with ether (40 ml×2). The PH of the aqueous layer was adjusted to 3˜4 with 1 N hydrochloric acid and the precipitated oil was extracted with ethyl acetate (100 ml). The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (100 ml×3). The combined ethyl acetate layers were washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure to give semi-solid product (2.61 g, yield: 78%) [Molecular Formula: C₆₃H₁₁₁N₁₁O₁₄; Exact Mass: 1245.83; MS (m/z): 1246.7 (M+1)⁺, 1268.7 (M+Na)⁺].

[α-Carboxy-Sar]-3-cyclosporin was synthesized according to a procedure described by Seebach D, et al., 1993, Helv. Chim Acta, 76, 1564-1590.

Reference Example 2 [α-Methylene-Sar]-3-cyclosporin

[α-Methylene-Sar]-3-cyclosporin can also be prepared using a method analogous to the procedure described in WO2012/051194A1.

Reference Example 3 Synthesis of [N-MeVal]-4-cyclosporin (SDZ-220-384)

[N-MeVal]-4-Cyclosporin (SDZ 220-384) was prepared according to procedures described by Papageorgiou C, et al., 1994, Bioorg & Med Chem Lett, 4, 267-272 and its key cylosporine ring-opening between position 3 and 4 cited as reference 14: Su Z and Wenger R, Unpublished results; Papageorgiou C, et al., 1994, J. Med. Chem., 37, 3674-3676 and its key cylosporine ring-opening between position 3 and 4 cited as reference 11: Su Z and Wenger R, Unpublished results.

Cyclosporin A-acetate

To a solution of cyclosporin A (1) (12.00 g, 19.98 mmol) in acetic anhydride (MW: 102.09, d 1.082, 40 ml) were added pyridine (MW: 79.01, d 0.978, 40 ml) and 4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (MW: 122.17, 0.40 g). This mixture was stirred for overnight at room temperature, and then the mixture was diluted with 600 ml of ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with brine, saturated ammonium chloride solution and 15% of sodium bicarbonate solution. The organic phase was dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and evaporated under the reduced pressure. Then all of pyridine was azeotropically evaporated out under the reduced pressure by adding toluene to the mixture to give a pale yellow solid residue, which was purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel column (100-200 mesh) with eluent of ethyl acetate/hexane (1/3) to give the 11.80 g (9.48 mmol, 95%) of cyclosporin A-acetate (2).

MeLeuValMeLeuAlaDAlaMeLeuMeLeuMeValMeBmt(OAc)AbuSar-Ome

To a suspension of trimethyloxonium-fluoroborate (MW: 147.91, 2.96 g, 20 mmol, 2.50 equiv.) in dichloromethane (80 ml) was added cyclosporine A-acetate (2) (10.00 g, 8.00 mmol). The suspension was stirred for 18 hours at room temperature, and then a solution of sodium methoxide (9.90 mmol) in methanol (40 ml) was added. After the mixture was stirred for another half hour, 2 N solution of sulfuric acid in methanol (40 ml) was added. The mixture was stirred for 15-30 minutes at room temperature and neutralized with 15% potassium bicarbonate solution. Then the mixture was extracted twice with 700 ml of ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over sodium sulphate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on a silica column (100-200 mesh) with eluent of methanol/methyl t-butyl ether to give the 7.15 g (5.60 mmol, 70%) of linear undecapeptide peptide (1).

Phenylthiourea-MeLeuValMeLeuAlaDAlaMeLeuMeLeuMeValMeBmt(OAc)AbuSar-Ome

To a solution of linear undecapeptide peptide (3) (7.00 g, 5.50 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (80 ml) was added phenyl isothiocyanate (MW: 135.19, d 1.130, 0.86 ml, 7.15 mmol, 1.30 equiv.). The mixture was stirred for 3 hours at room temperature and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel column (100-200 mesh) with eluent of acetone in hexane (1/5) to give the 6.99 g (4.95 mmol, 90%) of linear phenylthiourea undecapeptide (4) [Exact Mass: 1410.89; MS m/z: 1433.88 (M+Na)⁺].

ValMeLeuAlaDAlaMeLeuMeLeuMeValMeBmt(OAc)AbuSar-Ome

To a solution of linear phenylthiourea undecapeptide (4) (6.80 g, 4.82 mmol) in toluene (300 ml) was added trifluoroacetic acid (MW: 114.02, d 1.480, 8.00 ml) at room temperature. The mixture was stirred for 1.5 to 2 hours and quenched by a slurry of sodium bicarbonate in water. Then the mixture was separated and the water phase was extracted with toluene (100 ml) and ethyl acetate (100 ml) subsequently. The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulphate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on a silica column (100-200 mesh) with eluent of acetone/hexane (3/1) to give the 3.88 g (3.37 mmol, 70%) of linear decapeptide peptide (5) [Exact Mass: 1148.78; MS m/z: 1149.78 (M+1)⁺].

This Edman degradation was carried according to the similar method described by Edman P, et al, 1967, Eur. J. Biochem., 1, 80.

BocMeValValMeLeuAlaDAlaMeLeuMeLeuMeValMeBmt(OAc)AbuSar-Ome

To a solution of linear decapeptide peptide (5) (3.80 g, 3.30 mmol) in dichloromethane (150 ml) were added Boc-MeVal (6) (MW: 231.29, 0.92 g, 3.96 mmol, 1.2 equiv.), 1-propanephosphonic acid cyclic anhydride (MW: 318.18, 2.10 ml, 50 wt. % solution in ethyl acetate) and triethylamine (MW: 101.19, d 0.726, 0.46 ml, 3.30 mmol) at 0° C. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 hours. Then the mixture was washed with brine. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (100 ml). The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulphate. Removal of the solvent under reduced pressure gave the residue, which was purified by flash chromatography on a silica column (100-200 mesh) with eluent of acetone/hexane (1/2.5) to give the 4.05 g (2.97 mmol, 90%) of linear Boc-N-MeVal-decapeptide peptide (7) [Exact Mass: 1361.91; MS m/z: 1384.91 (M+Na)⁺].

BocMeValValMeLeuAlaDAlaMeLeuMeLeuMeValMeBmt(OAc)AbuSar-OH

To a solution of linear [Boc-N-MeVal]-4-decapeptide peptide (7) (4.00 g, 2.94 mmol) in ethyl alcohol (150 ml) at 0° C. was added 0.5 N sodium hydroxide solution (7.1 ml, 1.20 equiv.). The mixture was stirred and kept at 0° C. for 16 hours. Then the PH of the mixture was adjusted to around 3 by adding 0.5 N hydrochloric acid. Most of solvent was evaporated under the reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in 200 ml of ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with a pH 3 buffer, dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and evaporated under the reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on a silica column (100-200 mesh) with eluent of methanol/ethyl acetate (1/8) to yield 2.55 g (1.89 mmol, 64.3%) of the free acid (8).

MeValValMeLeuAlaDAlaMeLeuMeLeuMeValMeBmt(OAc)AbuSar-OH

To a solution of free acid (8) (2.55 g, 1.89 mmol) in dichloromethane (25 ml) was slowly added 5 ml of trifluoroacetic acid (MW: 114.02, d 1.480) at 0° C. The solution was stirred at room for 2 hours. Then ethyl acetate (300 ml) was added and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. Another ethyl acetate (300 ml) was added and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure again. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel column (100-200 mesh) with eluent of methanol/acetone (1/3) to give the 2.01 g (1.61 mmol, 85%) of linear [N-MeVal]-4-decapeptide peptide free acid (9) [Exact Mass: 1247.85; MS m/z: 1248.85 (M+1)⁺].

[N-MeVal]-4-Cyclosporin acetate

To a solution of linear [N-MeVal]-4-decapeptide peptide free acid (9) (1.03 g, 0.83 mmol) in dichloromethane (250 ml) were added 1-propanephosphonic acid cyclic anhydride (MW: 318.18, 0.53 ml, 50 wt. % solution in ethyl acetate), 2,4,6-collidine (MW: 121.18, d 0.917, 0.11 ml, 0.83 mmol)) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. Then the mixture was passed through a thin layer of silica gel and washed twice by 40 ml of ethyl acetate. The collected organic solution was evaporated under the reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel column (230-400 mesh) with eluent of methanol/acetone (1/6) to give the 611 mg (0.50 mmol, 60%) of (N-Methyl-Val)-4-Cyclosporin acetate (10) [Exact Mass: 1229.84; MS m/z: 1252.82 (M+Na) I.

[N-MeVal]-4-Cyclosporin

To a solution of [N-MeVal]-4-Cyclosporin acetate (10) (0.60 g, 0.49 mmol) in methanol (40 ml) was added a solution of sodium methoxide in methanol (0.5 M, 1.9 ml, 2.0 equiv.). The mixture was stirred for 0.5 hour at 0° C. and 24 hours at room temperature. The PH of the mixture was adjusted to around 6 by adding 0.5 N hydrochloric acid. After the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure, the residue was dissolved in 200 ml of ethyl acetate. The organic solution was washed by aqueous sodium bicarbonate and brine, dried over sodium sulphate and filtered. After removal of solvent, the residue was purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel column (230-400 mesh) with eluent of acetone/hexane (1/2) to give the 406 mg (0.34 mmol, 70%) of [N-MeVal]-4-Cyclosporin (11) [Exact Mass: 1187.83; 84; MS m/z: 1210.81 (M+Na].

Reference Example 4

[N-MeIle]-4-Cyclosporin (NIM-811) was prepared according to the procedure used for the synthesis of (N-MeVal)-4-cyclosporin (SDZ 220-384).

Reference Example 5

[N-MeThr]-4-Cyclosporin can be prepared according to the procedure used for the synthesis of (N-MeVal)-4-cyclosporin (SDZ 220-384).

Reference Example 6

The side chain intermediates were synthesized according to procedures described by Urquhart G G, 1994, Org Synth, Coll. Vol III, 363

2-Morpholinoethanethiol

A mixture of 4-(2-chloroethyl)morpholine (7.00 g, 37 mmol) and thiourea (2.90 g, 38 mmol) in 95% ethanol (55 ml) was heated to reflux for 24 hours. A solution of sodium hydroxide (3.40 g, 85 mmol) in water (20 ml) was added, and the mixture was continued to reflux for another 3 hours. After cooled to room temperature, the mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was mixed with benzene. The benzene layer was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated to provide 3.80 g of crude product, which was used for the addition reaction.

2-(N-Piperidinyl)ethanethiol

The mixture of 1-(2-chloroethyl)piperidine hydrochloride (7.00 g, 38 mmol) and thiourea (4.60 g, 61 mmol) in 95% ethanol (30 ml) was heated to reflux for 24 hours. A solution of sodium hydroxide (2.40 g) in water (20 ml) was added. The mixture was continued to reflux for another 3 hours. After cooled to room temperature, the mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was mixed with ether. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure to give 3.20 g of crude product, which was used for the addition reaction without purification.

2-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)ethanethiol

The mixture of 1-(2-chloroethyl)piperidine hydrochloride (7.0 g, 41 mmol) and thiourea (3.20 g, 40 mmol) in 95% ethanol (30 ml) was heated to reflux for 24 hours. A solution of sodium hydroxide (3.40 g, 85 mmol) in water (20 ml) was added. The mixture was continued to reflux for another 3 hours. After cooled to room temperature, the mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was mixed with benzene. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure to give 3.80 g of crude product, which was used for the addition reaction without purification.

3-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)propanethiol

To a suspension of 1-bromoro-3-chloropropane (30.00 g, 191 mmol) and potassium carbonate (17.00 g, 123 mmol) in dichloromethane (160 ml) was added pyrrolidine (3.50 g, 49 mmol) portions. The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Then the mixture was filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (ethyl acetate/methanol=95/5) to give 6.00 g of product.

A mixture of 1-(3-chloropropyl)pyrrolidine (3.4 g, 23 mmol) and thiourea (1.8 g, 23 mmol) in 95% ethanol (55 ml) was heated to reflux for 24 hours. A solution of sodium hydroxide (1.20 g, 30 mmol) in water (10 ml) was added, and the mixture was continued to reflux for another 3 hours. After cooled to room temperature, the mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was mixed with benzene. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure to give 1.80 g of crude product, which was used for the addition reaction.

3-(N-Piperidinyl)propanethiol

The mixture of 1-(3-chloropropyl)piperidine hydrochloride (7.50 g, 38 mmol) and thiourea (4.60 g, 61 mmol) in 95% ethanol (30 ml) was heated to reflux for 24 hours. A solution of sodium hydroxide (2.40 g) in water (20 ml) was added. The mixture was continued to reflux for another 3 hours. After cooled to room temperature, the mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was mixed with ether. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure to give 3.50 g of crude product, which was used for the addition reaction without purification.

3-Morpholinopropanethiol

To a suspension of 1-bromoro-3-chloropropane (30.00 g, 191 mmol) and potassium carbonate (14.00 g, 101 mmol) in dichloromethane (160 ml) was added morpholine (4.00 g, 46 mmol) in portions. Then the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (ethyl acetate) to give 5.60 g of product.

A mixture of 1-(3-chloropropyl)morpholine (4.20 g, 25.76 mmol) and thiourea (2.00 g, 26.27 mmol) in 95% ethanol (55 ml) was heated to reflux for 24 hours. A solution of sodium hydroxide (1.3 g, 32.50 mmol) in water (10 ml) was added, and the mixture was continued to reflux for another 3 hours. After cooled to room temperature, the mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was mixed with benzene. The benzene layer was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure to give 2.20 g of crude product, which was used for the addition reaction.

2-(4-Methyl-N-piperazinyl)ethanethiol

A mixture of 2-(4-methylpiperazino)ethyl chloride (8.00 g, 40 mmol) and thiourea (4.87 g, 64 mmol) in 95% ethanol (55 ml) was heated to reflux for 24 hours. A solution of sodium hydroxide (2.60 g) in water (20 ml) was added, and the mixture was continued to reflux for another 3 hours. After cooled to room temperature, the mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was mixed with benzene. The benzene layer was washed with brine, dried magnesium sulfate and evaporated to provide 3.0 g of crude product, which was used for the addition reaction.

3-(4-Methyl-N-piperazinyl)propanethiol

A mixture of 3-(4-methylpiperazino)propyl chloride (8.5 g, 40 mmol) and thiourea (4.87 g, 64 mmol) in 95% ethanol (70 ml) was heated to reflux for 24 hours. A solution of sodium hydroxide (2.6 g) in water (20 ml) was added, and the mixture was continued to reflux for another 3 hours. After cooled to room temperature, the mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was mixed with ether. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated to provide 2.5 g of crude product, which was used for the addition reaction.

3-(N-Ethyl-N-isopropylamino)propanethiol

To a suspension of 1-bromoro-3-chloropropane (11.00 g, 70 mmol) and potassium carbonate (13.00 g, 94 mmol) in dichloromethane (100 ml) was added ethylisopropylamine (4.10 g, 47 mmol) in portions. The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography (ethyl acetate/methanol=95/5) to give 6.10 g of product.

A mixture of 3-chloropropylethylisopropylamiune (4.20 g, 25.66 mmol) and thiourea (2.00 g, 26.32 mmol) in 95% ethanol (55 ml) was heated to reflux for 24 hours. A solution of sodium hydroxide (1.30 g, 32.50 mmol) in water (10 ml) was added, and the mixture was continued to reflux for another 3 hours. After cooled to room temperature, the mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was mixed with benzene. The benzene layer was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure to give 1.20 g of crude product, which was used for the addition reaction.

3-Aminopropanethiol

A mixture of N-(3-bromopropyl)phthalimide (20.00 g, 74.63 mmol) and thiourea (9.98 g, 131.34 mmol) in 95% ethanol (80 ml) was heated to reflux for 3 hours. A solution of sodium hydroxide (4.48 g, 111.94 mmol) in water (30 ml) was added, and the mixture was continued to reflux for another 3 hours. After cooled to room temperature, the mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was mixed with ethyl acetate (50 ml) and brine (50 ml). The organic layer was separated and washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was mixed with toluene (100 ml) and heated to reflux with removal of water azeotropically for two hours. After removal of toluene, the residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel with hexane and ethyl acetate as solvent to give 9.10 g of N-(3-mercaptopropyl)phthalimide. To a solution of N-(3-mercaptopropyl)phthalimide in methanol (50 ml) was added ethanolamine. The mixture was stirred and heated to reflux for two hours. After cooled to room temperature, the mixture was used for the addition reaction without further purification.

2-Mercaptoethylpiperazine

To a suspension of piperizaine (30.00 g, 348.27 mmol) and sodium carbonate (106 g, 348.27 mmol) in dichloromethane (200 ml) was added dropwise a solution of Di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (18.98 g, 87.07 mmol) in dichloromethane (30 ml) at room temperature for one hour. Then the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was mixed with water (100 ml) and separated. The dichloromethane layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in dichloromethane (150 ml). Sodium carbonate (15.55 g, 146.77 mmol) and 1-bromo-2-chloroethane (21.05 g, 146.77 mmol) were added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for a weekend. The mixture was mixed with water (100 ml) and separated. The dichloromethane layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel using hexane and ethyl acetate as eluent to give 6.85 g of 1-Boc-4-(2-chloroethyl)piperazine.

To a solution of 1-Boc-4-(2-chloroethyl)piperazine (6.85 g, 27.62 mmol) in methanol (50 ml) was added thiourea (4.12 g, 55.24 mmol). The mixture was heated to reflux for 2 hours. A solution of sodium hydroxide (1.66 g, 41.43 mmol) in water (10 ml) was added, and the mixture was continued to reflux for another hour. Then most solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was mixed with ethyl acetate (50 ml) and brine (30 ml) and separated. The ethyl acetate was dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in methanol (20 ml). 4 M hydrochloric acid in dioxane (10 ml) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight and most of solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was used for the addition reaction without further purification.

1-Boc-4-(3-mercaptopropanyl)piperazine

To a suspension of piperizaine (30.00 g, 348.27 mmol) and sodium carbonate (106 g, 348.27 mmol) in dichloromethane (200 ml) was added dropwise a solution of Di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (18.98 g, 87.07 mmol) in dichloromethane (30 ml) at room temperature for one hour. Then the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was mixed with water (100 ml) and separated. The dichloromethane layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in dichloromethane (100 ml). Sodium carbonate (15.44 g, 145.70 mmol) and 1-bromo-3-chloropropane (15.29 g, 97.13 mmol) were added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was mixed with water (80 ml) and separated. The dichloromethane layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel using hexane and ethyl acetate as eluent to give 11.77 g of 1-Boc-4-(3-chloropropanyl)piperazine.

To a solution of 1-Boc-4-(3-chloropropanyl)piperazine (11.77 g, 44.90 mmol) in ethanol (100 ml) was added thiourea (6.82 g, 89.80 mmol). The mixture was heated to reflux for 4 hours. A solution of sodium hydroxide (2.69 g, 67.35 mmol) in water (40 ml) was added, and the mixture was continued to reflux for another 2 hours. Then most solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was mixed with ethyl acetate (100 ml) and brine (50 ml) and separated. The ethyl acetate was dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel using hexane and acetone as eluent to give 7.5 g of tert-butyl 4-N-Boc-1-(3-mercaptopropanyl)piperazine.

Examples 185-1836 Cyclosporin Derivatives

The following compounds can be prepared according to a method analogous to those described herein.

TABLE 1

Ex. No. W R_(a) Name 185 S

[(S)-(Carboxymethylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 186 S

[(S)-(Carboxymethylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin-potassium salt 187 S

[(S)-(Carboxymethylthio)methyl-Sar]- 3-cyclosporin-sodium salt 188 S

[(S)-(Ethoxycarbonylmethylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 189 S

[(S)-(2-Hydroxyethylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 190 S

[(S)-(2-Hydroxy-2-methylpropylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 191 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Isopropylamino)ethylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 192 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Methyl-N-isopropylamino) ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 193 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Ethyl-N-isopropylamino) ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 194 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Isobutylamino)ethylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 195 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Methyl-N-isobutylamino) ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 196 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Ethyl-N-isobutylamino) ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 197 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Neopentylamino) ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 198 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Methyl-N-Neopentylamino) ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 199 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Ethyl-N-Neopentylamino) ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 200 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Piperidinyl)ethylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 201 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)ethylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 202 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Oxazolidinyl)ethylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 203 S

[(S)-(2-(N-morpholino)ethylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 204 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Thiazolidinyl)ethylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 205 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Thiomorpholino)ethylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 206 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Piperazinyl)ethylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 207 S

[(S)-(2-(4-Methyl-N-piperazinyl) ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 208 S

[(S)-(2-(4-Ethyl-N-piperazinyl) ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 209 S

[(S)-(2-(4-Isopropyl-N-piperazinyl) ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 210 S

[(S)-(2-(4-Isobutyl-N-piperazinyl) ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 211 S

[(S)-(2-(4-Neopentyl-N-piperazinyl) ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 212 S

[(S)-(2-(4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-N-piperazinyl) ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 213 S

[(S)-(2-(4-(2-Hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-N- piperazinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 214 S

[(S)-(2-(4-(3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-N- piperazinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 215 S

[(S)-(2-(4-(4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentyl)-N- piperazinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 216 S

[(S)-(2-Carboxyethylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 217 S

[(S)-(2-Carboxyethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- cyclosporin-sodium salt 218 S

[(S)-(2-(Ethoxycarbonyl)ethylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 219 S

[(S)-(3-Hydroxypropylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 220 S

[(S)-(3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 221 S

[(S)-(3-(N,N-Dimethylamino)propylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 222 S

[(S)-(3-(N,N-Diethylamino)propylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 223 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Isopropylamino)propylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 224 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Isopropyl-N-methylamino)propylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 225 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Ethyl-N-isopropylamino) propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 226 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Isobutylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- cyclosporin 227 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Isobutyl-N-methylamino)propylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 228 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Ethyl-N-isobutylamino)propylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 229 S

[(S)-(3-(N,N-Diisobutylamino) propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 230 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Neopentylamino) propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 231 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Methyl-N-neopentylamino) propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 232 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Ethyl-N-neopentylamino)propylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 233 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]- 3-cyclosporin 234 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Thiazolidinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- cyclosporin 235 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Thiomorpholino)propylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 236 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Oxazolidinyl)propylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 237 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Morpholino)propylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 238 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Piperidinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]- 3-cyclosporin 239 S

[(S)-(3-(4-Piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]- 3-cyclosporin 240 S

[(S)-(3-(4-Methyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 241 S

[(S)-(3-(4-Ethyl-N-piperazinyl) propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 242 S

[(S)-(3-(4-n-Propyl-N-piperazinyl) propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 243 S

[(S)-(3-(4-Isopropyl-N-piperazinyl) propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 244 S

[(S)-(3-(4-Isobutyl-N-piperazinyl) propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 245 S

[(S)-(3-(4-Neopentyl-N-piperazinyl) propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 246 S

[(S)-(3-(4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-N- piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- cyclosporin 247 S

[(S)-(3-(4-(2-Hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-N- piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- cyclosporin 248 S

[(S)-(3-(4-(3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-N- piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- cyclosporin 249 S

[(S)-(3-(4-(4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentyl)-N- piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- cyclosporin 250 S

[(S)-(3-Carboxypropylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 251 S

[(S)-(3-Carboxypropylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin-potassium salt 252 S

[(S)-(3-Carboxypropylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin-sodium salt 253 S

[(S)-(3-(Ethoxycarbonyl)propylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 254 S

[(S)-(4-Hydroxybutylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 255 S

[(S)-(4-Hydroxy-(3-hydroxymethyl) butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 256 S

[S)-(4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 257 S

[(S)-(4-(N,N-Dimethylamino)butylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 258 S

[(S)-(4-(N,N-Diethylamino)butylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 259 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Isopropylamino)butylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 260 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Isopropyl-N-methylamino) butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 261 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Ethyl-N-isopropylamino)butylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 262 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Isobutylamino)butylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 263 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Isobutyl-N-methylamino)butylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 264 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Isobutyl-N-ethylamino)butylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 265 S

[(S)-(4-(N,N-Diisobutylamino)butylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 266 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Neopentylamino)butylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 267 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Methyl-N-Neopentylamino)butylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 268 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Ethyl-N-Neopentylamino)butylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 269 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)butylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 270 S

[(S)-(4-N-Thiazolidinyl)butylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 271 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Oxazolidinyl)butylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 272 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Piperidinyl)butylthio)methyl-Sar]- 3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 273 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Morpholino)butylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 274 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Thiomorpholino)butylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 275 S

[S)-(4-(N-Piperazinyl)butylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 276 S

[(S)-(4-(4-Methyl-N-piperazinyl)butylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 277 S

[(S)-(4-(4-Ethyl-N-piperazinyl)butylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 278 S

[(S)-(4-(4-n-Propyl-N-piperazinyl) butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 279 S

[(S)-(4-(4-Isopropyl-N-piperazinyl)butylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 280 S

[(S)-(4-(4-Isobutyl-N-piperazinyl)butylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 281 S

[(S)-(4-(4-Neopentyl-N-piperazinyl)butylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 282 S

[(S)-(4-(4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-N-piperazinyl) butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 283 S

[(S)-(4-(4-(2-Hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-N- piperazinyl)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 284 S

[(S)-(4-(4-(3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-N- piperazinyl)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 285 S

[(S)-(4-(4-(4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentyl)-N- piperazinyl)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 286 S

[(S)-(4-Carboxybutylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 287 S

[(S)-(4-Carboxybutylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin- potassium salt 288 S

[(S)-(4-Carboxybutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- cyclosporin-sodium salt 289 S

[(S)-(4-(Ethoxycarbonyl)butylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 290 S

[(S)-(5-Hydroxypentylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 291 S

[(S)-(5-Carboxypentylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 292 S

[(S)-(5-Carboxypentylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin-potassium salt 293 S

[(S)-(5-Carboxypentylthio)methyl-Sar]- 3-cyclosporin-sodium salt 294 S

[(S)-(5-Ethoxycarbonyl)pentylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 295 S

[(S)-(4-Carboxyhexylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 296 S

[(S)-(4-Carboxyhexylthio)methyl-Sar]- 3-cyclosporin-potassium salt 297 S

[(S)-(4-Carboxyhexylthio)methyl-Sar]- 3-cyclosporin-sodium salt 298 S

[(S)-(4-(Ethoxycarbonyl)hexylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 299 S

[(S)-(5-Carboxyheptylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 300 S

[(S)-(5-Carboxyheptylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- cyclosporin-potassium salt 301 S

[(S)-(5-Carboxyheptylthio)methyl-Sar]- 3-cyclosporin-sodium salt 302 S

[(S)-(5-Ethoxycarbonyl)heptylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- cyclosporin 303 S

[(S)-(5-Carboxyoctylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- cyclosporin 304 S

[(S)-(5-Carboxyoctylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- cyclosporin-potassium salt 305 S

[(S)-(5-Carboxyoctylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- cyclosporin-potassium salt 306 S

[(S)-(4-Ethoxycarbonyl)octylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 307 S

[(S)-(5-Carboxynonylthio)methyl-Sar]- 3-cyclosporin 308 S

[(S)-(5-Carboxynonylthio)methyl-Sar]- 3-cyclosporin-potassium salt 309 S

[(S)-(5-Carboxynonylthio)methyl-Sar]- 3-cyclosporin-potassium salt 310 S

[(S)-(4-(Ethoxycarbonyl)nonylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 311 S

[(S)-((4,4′-Dicarboxy)butylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 312 S

[(S)-((4,4′-Dicarboxy)butylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin-dipotassium salt 313 S

[(S)-((4,4′-Dicarboxy)butylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin-disodium salt 314 S

[(S)-(4,4′-Diethoxycarbonyl) butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 315 S

[(S)-((5,5′-Dicarboxy)pentylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 316 S

[(S)-((5,5′-Dicarboxy)pentylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin-dipotassium salt 317 S

[(S)-((5,5′-Dicarboxy)pentylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin-disodium salt 318 S

[(S)-(4,4′-Diethoxycarbonyl) pentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 319 S

[(S)-(6-Hydroxyhexylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 320 S

[(S)-((6,6′-Dicarboxy)hexylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 321 S

[(S)-((6,6′-Dicarboxy)hexylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin-dipotassium salt 322 S

[(S)-((6,6′-Dicarboxy)hexylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin-disodium salt 323 S

[(S)-(6,6′-Diethoxycarbonyl)hexylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 324 S

[(S)-((7,7′-Dicarboxy)heptylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 325 S

[(S)-((7,7′-Dicarboxy)heptylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin-dipotassium salt 326 S

[(S)-((7,7′-Dicarboxy)heptylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin-disodium salt 327 S

[(S)-(7,7′-Diethoxycarbonyl)heptylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 328 S

[(S)-[(N-(2-Aminoethyl)carbamoyl) methylthio]methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 329 S

[(S)-[(N-(2-(Neopentylamino)ethyl)carbamoyl) methylthio]methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 330 S

[(S)-[(N-(3-Aminopropyl)carbamoyl) methylthio]methyl-Sar]- 3-cyclosporin 331 S

[(S)-[(N-(3-(Neopentylamino)propyl)carbamoyl) methylthio]methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 332 S

[(S)-[(N-(4-Aminobutyl)carbamoyl) methylthio]methyl-Sar]- 3-cyclosporin 333 S

[(S)-[(N-(4-Neopentylamino)butyl)carbamoyl) methylthio]methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 334 S

[(S)-[(N-(5-Aminopentyl)carbamoyl) methylthio]methyl-Sar]- 3-cyclosporin 335 S

[(S)-[(N-(5-(Neopentylamino)pentyl)carbamoyl) methylthio]methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 336 S

[(S)-[(N-(6-Aminohexyl)carbamoyl) methylthio]methyl-Sar]- 3-cyclosporin 337 S

[(S)-[(N-(6-Neopentylamino)hexyl)carbamoyl) methylthio]methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 338 S

[(S)-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl) methylthio]methyl-Sar]- 3-cyclosporin 339 S

[(S)-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl) ethylthio]methyl-Sar]-3- cyclosporin 340 S

[(S)-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu₆]carbamoyl) propylthio)methyl-Sar]- 3-cyclosporin 341 S

[(S)-((2-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆] carbamoyl)methoxy]ethyl) sulfanyl)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 342 S

[(S)-((3-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl) methoxy]propyl)sulfanyl) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 343 S

[(S)-((4-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl) methoxy]butyl)sulfanyl) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 344 S

[(S)-((5-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl) methoxy]pentyl)sulfanyl) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 345 S

[(S)-((6-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl) methoxy]hexyl)sulfanyl)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 346 S

[(S)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(imidazol-1- yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 347 S

[(S)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(imidazo-1- yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 348 S

[(S)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6- morpholinohexyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 349 S

[(S)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6- morpholinohexyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 350 S

[(S)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(4- methylpiperazin-1-yl)hexyl)thio) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 351 S

[(S)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6- (4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)hexyl) thio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 352 S

[(S)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(4-ethylpiperazin-1- yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 353 S

[(S)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(4- isopropylpiperazin-1-yl)hexyl) thio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 354 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7-(imidazol-1-yl) heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 355 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-(imidazo-1-yl) heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 356 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7-morpholinoheptyl) thio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 357 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-morpholinoheptyl) thio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 358 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl) heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 359 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl) heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 360 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl) heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 361 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl) heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 362 O

[(R)-(Carboxymethyloxy)methyl-Sar]- 3-cyclosporin-potassium salt 363 O

[(R)-(2-Hydroxy-2,2-dimethylethoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 364 O

[(R)-(2-(Isopropylamino)ethoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 365 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Isopropyl-N-methylamino) ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 366 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Ethyl-N-isopropylamino) ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 367 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Isobutylamino)ethoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 368 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Isobutyl-N-methylamino) ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 369 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Ethyl-N-isobutylamino) ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 370 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Neopentylamino)ethoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 371 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Methyl-N-Neopentylamino) ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 372 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Ethyl-N-Neopentylamino) ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 373 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Oxazolidinyl)ethoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 374 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Thiazolidinyl)ethoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 375 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Thiomorpholino)ethoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 376 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Piperazinyl)ethoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 377 O

[(R)-(2-(4-Methyl-N-piperazinyl)ethoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 378 O

[(R)-(2-(4-Ethyl-N-piperazinyl)ethoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 379 O

[(R)-(2-(4-Isopropyl-N-piperazinyl) ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 380 O

[(R)-(2-(4-Isobutyl-N-piperazinyl)ethoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 381 O

[(R)-(2-(4-Neopentyl-N-piperazinyl) ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 382 O

[(R)-(2-(4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-N-piperazinyl) ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 383 O

[(R)-(2-(4-(2-Hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)- N-piperazinyl)ethoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 384 O

[(R)-(2-(4-(3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)- N-piperazinyl)ethoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 385 O

[(R)-(2-(4-(4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentyl)- N-piperazinyl)ethoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 386 O

[(R)-(2-Carboxyethoxy)methyl-Sar]- 3-cyclosporin 387 O

[(R)-(2-Carboxyethoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin-sodium salt 388 O

[(R)-(2-(Ethoxycarbonyl)ethoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 389 O

[(R)-(3-Hydroxypropoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 390 O

[(R)-(3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 391 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Isopropylamino) propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 392 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Isopropyl-N-methylamino) propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 393 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Ethyl-N-isopropylamino) propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 394 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Neopentylamino) propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 395 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Methyl-N-Neopentylamino) propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 396 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Ethyl-N-Neopentylamino) propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 397 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Thiazolidinyl) propoxymethyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 398 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Thiomorpholino) propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 399 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Piperazinyl)propoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 400 O

[(R)-(3-(4-Methyl-N-piperazinyl) propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 401 O

[(R)-(3-(4-Ethyl-N-piperazinyl) propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 402 O

[(R)-(3-(4-Isopropyl-N-piperazinyl) propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 403 O

[(R)-(3-(4-Isobutyl-N-piperazinyl) propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 404 O

[(R)-(3-(4-Neopentyl-N-piperazinyl) propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 405 O

[(R)-(3-(4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-N-piperazinyl) propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 406 O

[(R)-(3-(4-(2-Hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-N- piperazinyl)propoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 407 O

[(R)-(3-(4-(3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-N- piperazinyl)propoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 408 O

[(R)-(3-(4-(4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentyl)-N- piperazinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]- 3-cyclosporin 409 O

[(R)-(3-Carboxypropoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 410 O

[(R)-(3-Carboxypropoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin-potassium salt 411 O

[(R)-(3-Carboxypropoxy)methyl-Sar]- 3-cyclosporin-sodium salt 412 O

[(R)-(3-(Ethoxycarbonyl)propoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 413 O

[(R)-(4-Hydroxybutoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 414 O

[(R)-(4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentyloxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 415 O

[(R)-(4-(N,N-Dimethylamino)butoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 416 O

[(R)-(4-(N,N-Diethylamino)butoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 417 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Isopropylamino)butoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 418 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Isopropyl-N-methylamino) butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 419 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Ethyl-N-isopropylamino) butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 420 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Isobutylamino)butoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 421 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Isobutyl-N-methylamino) butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 422 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Ethyl-N-isobutylamino) butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 423 O

[(R)-(4-(N,N-Diisobutylamino) butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 424 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Neopentylamino)butoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 425 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Methyl-N-neopentylamino) butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 426 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Ethyl-N-neopentylamino) butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 427 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)butoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 428 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Thiazolidinyl)butoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 429 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Oxazolidinyl)butoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 430 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Piperidinyl)butoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 431 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Morpholino)butoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 432 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Thiomorpholino)butoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 433 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Piperazinyl)butoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 434 O

[(R)-(4-(4-Methyl-N-piperazinyl)butoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 435 O

[(R)-(4-(4-Ethyl-N-piperazinyl)butoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 436 O

[(R)-(4-(4-n-Propyl-N-piperazinyl)butoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 437 O

[(R)-(4-(4-Isopropyl-N-piperazinyl) butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 438 O

[(R)-(4-(4-Isobutyl-N-piperazinyl) butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 439 O

[(R)-(4-(4-Neopentyl-N-piperazinyl)butoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 440 O

[(R)-(4-(4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-N-piperazinyl) butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 441 O

[(R)-(4-(4-(2-Hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-N- piperazinyl)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 442 O

[(R)-(4-(4-(3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-N- piperazinyl)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 443 O

[(R)-(4-(4-(4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentyl)-N- piperazinyl)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 444 O

[(R)-(4-Carboxybutoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 445 O

[(R)-(4-Carboxybutoxy)methyl-Sar]- 3-cyclosporin-potassium salt 446 O

[(R)-(4-Carboxybutoxy)methyl-Sar]- 3-cyclosporin-sodium salt 447 O

[(R)-(4-(Ethoxycarbonyl)butoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 448 O

[(R)-(5-(Carboxypentyl)oxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 449 O

[(R)-(5-(Carboxypentyl)oxy)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin-potassium salt 450 O

[(R)-(5-(Carboxypentyl)oxy)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin-sodium salt 451 O

[(R)-(((5-(Ethoxycarbonyl)pentyl)oxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 452 O

[(R)-(5-Carboxyheptyloxy)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 453 O

[(R)-(5-Carboxyheptyloxy)methyl-Sar]- 3-cyclosporin-potassium salt 454 O

[(R)-(5-Carboxyheptyloxy)methyl-Sar]- 3-cyclosporin-sodium salt 455 O

[(R)-(5-Ethoxycarbonyl)heptyloxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 456 O

[(R)-(5-Carboxyoctyloxy)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 457 O

[(R)-(5-Carboxyoctyloxy)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin-potassium salt 458 O

[(R)-(5-Carboxyoctyloxy)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin-potassium salt 459 O

[(R)-(4-(Ethoxycarbonyl)octyloxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 460 O

[(R)-(5-Carboxynonyloxy)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 461 O

[(R)-(5-Carboxynonyloxy)methyl-Sar]- 3-cyclosporin-potassium salt 462 O

[(R)-(5-Carboxynonyloxy)methyl-Sar]- 3-cyclosporin-potassium salt 463 O

[(R)-(4-(Ethoxycarbonyl)nonyloxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 464 O

[(R)-((4,4′-Dicarbonyl)butoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 465 O

[(R)-((4,4′-Dicarboxy)butoxy)methyl-Sar]- 3-cyclosporin-dipostassium salt 466 O

[(R)-((4,4′-Dicarboxy)butoxy)methyl-Sar]- 3-cyclosporin-disodium salt 467 O

[(R)-(4,4′-Di(ethoxycarbonyl)butoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 468 O

[(R)-((5,5′-Dicarboxy)pentyloxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 469 O

[(R)-((5,5′-Dicarboxy)pentyloxymethyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin-dipotassium salt 470 O

[(R)-((5,5′-Dicarboxy)pentyloxy)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin-disodium salt 471 O

[(R)-(4,4′-Diethoxycarbonyl)pentyloxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 472 O

[(R)-((6,6′-Dicarboxy)hexyloxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 473 O

[(R)-((6,6′-Dicarboxy)hexyloxy)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin-dipotassium salt 474 O

[(R)-((6,6′-Dicarboxy)hexyloxy)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin-disodium salt 475 O

[(R)-(6,6′-Diethoxycarbonyl)hexyloxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 476 O

[(R)-((7,7′-Dicarboxy)heptyloxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 477 O

[(R)-((7,7′-Dicarboxy)heptyloxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin-dipotassium salt 478 O

[(R)-((7,7′-Dicarboxy)heptyloxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin-disodium salt 479 O

[(R)-(7,7′-Diethoxycarbonyl) heptyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3- cyclosporin 480 O

[(R)-((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-4- ethoxycarbonylbutoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 481 O

[(R)-((R)-3-Methoxymethyl-4- ethoxycarbonylbutoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 482 O

[(R)-((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-4- ethoxycarbonylbutoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 483 O

[(R)-((S)-3-Methoxymethyl-4- ethoxycarbonylbutoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 484 O

[(R)-(5-Hydroxypentyloxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 485 O

[(R)-(6-Hydroxyhexyloxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 486 O

[(R)-[(N-(2-Aminoethyl)carbamoyl) methoxy]methyl-Sar]-3- cyclosporin 487 O

[(R)-[(N-(2-(Neopentylamino) ethyl)carbamoyl)methoxy] methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 488 O

[(R)-[(N-(3-Aminopropyl)carbamoyl) methoxy]methyl-Sar]-3- cyclosporin 489 O

[(R)-[(N-(3-(Neopentylamino) propyl)carbamoyl)methoxy] methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 490 O

[(R)-[(N-(4-Aminobutyl)carbamoyl) methoxy]methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 491 O

[(R)-[(N-(4-(Neopentylamino)butyl) carbamoyl)methoxy]methyl-Sar]-3- cyclosporin 492 O

[(R)-[(N-(5-Aminopentyl)carbamoyl) methoxy]methyl-Sar]-3- cyclosporin 493 O

[(R)-[(N-(5-(Neopentylamino) pentyl)carbamoyl) methoxy]methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 494 O

[(R)-[(N-(6-Aminohexyl)carbamoyl) methoxy]methyl-Sar]-3- cyclosporin 495 O

[(R)-[(N-(6-(Neopentylamino)hexyl) carbamoyl)methoxy]methyl-Sar]-3- cyclosporin 496 O

[(R)-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl) methoxy]methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 497 O

[(R)-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl) ethoxy]methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 498 O

[(R)-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl) propoxy]methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 499 O

[(R)-((2-[([HO-Gly-(D- Glu)₆]carbamoyl)methoxy]ethoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 500 O

[(R)-((3-[([HO-Gly-(D- Glu)₆]carbamoyl)methoxy]propoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 501 O

[(R)-((4-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl) methoxy]butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- cyclosporin 502 O

[(R)-((5-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl) methoxy]pentyloxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 503 O

[(R)-((6-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl) methoxy]hexyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3- cyclosporin 504 O

[(R)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(imidazol-1- yl)hexyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 505 O

[(R)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(imidazo-1- yl)hexyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 506 O

[(R)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6- morpholinohexyl)oxy)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 507 O

[(R)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6- morpholinohexyl)oxy)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 508 O

[(R)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(4- methylpiperazin-1-yl)hexyl)oxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 509 O

[(R)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(4- methylpiperazin-1-yl)hexyl) oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 510 O

[(R)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(4- ethylpiperazin-1-yl)hexyl)oxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 511 O

[(R)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(4- isopropylpiperazin-1-yl)hexyl) oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 512 O

[(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7-(imidazol- 1-yl)heptyl)oxy)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 513 O

[(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-(imidazo- 1-yl)heptyl)oxy)methyl- Sar]-3-cyclosporin 514 O

[(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7- morpholinoheptyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]- 3-cyclosporin 515 O

[(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7- morpholinoheptyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]- 3-cyclosporin 516 O

[(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7-(4- methylpiperazin-1-yl)heptyl)oxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 517 O

[(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-(4- methylpiperazin-1-yl)heptyl)oxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 518 O

[(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7-(4- ethylpiperazin-1-yl)heptylcyclos) oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 519 O

[(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-(4- ethylpiperazin-1-yl)heptyl)oxy) methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 520 CH₂ —(COOEt)₂ [(R)-2,2-Di(ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl)-Sar]-3- cyclosporin 521 CH₂ —(COOH)₂ [(R)-2,2-Di(carboxy)ethyl)-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 522 CH₂ —(CH₂OH)₂ [(R)-2,2-Di(hydroxylmethyl)ethyl)-Sar]-3- cyclosporin

TABLE 2

Ex. No. W R_(a) Name  523 S

[(S)-(Carboxymethylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  524 S

[(S)-(Carboxymethylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-potassium salt  525 S

[(S)-(Carboxymethylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-sodium salt  526 S

[(S)-(Ethoxycarbonylmethylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  527 S

[(S)-(2-Hydroxy-2-methylpropylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  528 S

[(S)-(2-Methoxyethylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  529 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Isobutylamino)ethylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  530 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Isobutyl-N-methylamino)ethylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  531 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Ethyl-N-isobutylamino)ethylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  532 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Thiazolidinyl)ethylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  533 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Oxazolidinyl)ethylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  534 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Thiomorpholino)ethylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  535 S

[(S)-(2-(4-Isopropyl-N-piperazinyl)ethylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  536 S

[(S)-(2-(4-Neopentyl-N-piperazinyl)ethylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  537 S

[(S)-(2-(4-(2-Hydroxy-2-methylethyl)-N- piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin  538 S

[(S)-(2-(4-(3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-N- piperazinyl)ethylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin  539 S

[(S)-(2-(4-(4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentyl)-N- piperazinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  540 S

[(S)-(2-(4-(2-Methoxyethyl)-N- piperazinyl)ethylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  541 S

[(S)-(2-(4-(2-Methoxy-2-methylpropyl)-N- piperazinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  542 S

[(S)-(2-(4-(3-Methoxy-3-methylbutyl)-N- piperazinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  543 S

[(S)-(2-(4-(4-Methoxy-4-methylpentyl)-N- piperazinyl)ethylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin  544 S

[(S)-(2-Carboxyethylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclospori  545 S

[(S)-(2-Carboxyethylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-sodium salt  546 S

[(S)-((2-Ethoxycarbonyl)ethylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclospori  547 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Isopropyl-N-methylamino)propylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  548 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Isobutyl-N-methylamino)propylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  549 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Isobutyl-N-ethylamino)propylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  550 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Methyl-N-Neopentylamino)propylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  551 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Ethyl-N-Neopentylamino)propylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  552 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Thiazolidinyl)propylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  553 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Oxazolidinyl)propylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  554 S

[(S)-(3-(4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-N- piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  555 S

[(S)-(3-(4-(2-Hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-N- piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  556 S

[(S)-(3-(4-(3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-N- piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  557 S

[(S)-(3-(4-(4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentyl)-N- piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  558 S

[(S)-(3-(4-(2-Methoxyethyl)-N- piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  559 S

[(S)-(3-(4-(2-Methoxy-2-methylpropyl)-N- piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  560 S

[(S)-(3-(4-(3-Methoxy-3-methylbutyl)-N- piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  561 S

[(S)-(3-(4-(4-Methoxy-4-methylpentyl)-N- piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  562 S

[(S)-(3-Carboxypropylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  563 S

[(S)-(3-Carboxypropylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin-potassium salt  564 S

[(S)-(3-Carboxypropylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin-sodium salt  565 S

[(S)-(3-Ethoxycarbonylpropylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  566 S

[(S)-(3-Isobutoxycarbonylpropylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  567 S

[(S)-((5-Hydroxy-2-methylpentan- 2-yl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  568 S

[(S)-((4-Hydroxy-2,2-dimethylbutyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  569 S

[(S)-((4-Hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  570 S

[(S)-(4-Methoxy-4-methylpentylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  571 S

[(S)-(3-(1-Hydroxycyclopropyl) propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  572 S

[(S)-(((2-(1-(Hydroxymethyl)cyclopropyl) ethyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  573 S

[(S)-(((1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)cyclopropyl) methyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  574 S

[(S)-((1-(3-Hydroxypropyl) cyclopropyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  575 S

[(S)-((S)-4-Hydroxyhexylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  576 S

[(S)-((R)-4-Hydroxyhexylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  577 S

[(S)-(((S)-3-(Hydroxymethyl)pentyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  578 S

[(S)-(((R)-3-(Hydroxymethyl)pentyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  579 S

[(S)-(((S)-2-Ethyl-4-hydroxybutyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  580 S

[(S)-(((R)-2-Ethyl-4-hydroxybutyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  581 S

[(S)-(((S)-4,5-Dihydroxy-pentyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  582 S

[(S)-(((R)-4,5-Dihydroxy-pentyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  583 S

[(S)-(((S)-4,5-Dihydroxy-4- methylpentyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  584 S

[(S)-(((R)-4,5-Dihydroxy-4- methylpentyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  585 S

[(S)-(((R)-4,6-Dihydroxyhexyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  586 S

[(S)-(((S)-4,6-Dihydroxyhexyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  587 S

[(S)-(((R)-5-Hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl) pentyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  588 S

[(S)-(((S)-5-Hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl) pentyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  589 S

[(S)-((4-Hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyethyl)butyl) thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin  590 S

[(S)-((4-(Hydroxymethyl)pent-4-en-1-yl)thio) methyl)-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin  591 S

[(S)-((5-Hydroxy-3-methylenepentyl)thio) methyl)-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin  592 S

[(S)-((5-Hydroxy-2-methylenepentyl)thio) methyl)-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin  593 S

[(S)-((2-(2-(Hydroxymethyl) oxiran-2-yl)ethyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin  594 S

[(S)-(((2-(2-Hydroxyethyl)oxiran- 2-yl)methyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin  595 S

[(S)-((3-(3-Hydroxyoxetan-3- yl)propyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  596 S

[(S)-((4,5-Dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl) pentyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  597 S

[(S)-((3-(2-(Hydroxymethyl) oxiran-2-yl)propyl)thio)methyl-Sar]- 3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  598 S

[(S)-((2-(2-Hydroxyethyl) oxiran-2-yl)ethyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  599 S

[(S)-(((2-(3-Hydroxypropyl) oxiran-2-yl)methyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  600 S

[(S)-((5-Hydroxy-4-oxohexyl)thio) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin  601 S

[(S)-((6-Hydroxy-5-oxohexyl)thio) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin  602 S

[(S)-((6-Hydroxy-5-oxohexyl)thio) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin  603 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-5-(pyrrolidin-1-yl) pentyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  604 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-5-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pentyl) thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  605 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-6-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)hexyl) thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  606 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-6-(piperidin-1-yl)hexyl) thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  607 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-5-(imidazol-1-yl)pentyl) thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  608 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-5-(imidazo-1-yl)pentyl) thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  609 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-6-(imidazo-1-yl)hexyl) thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  610 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-6-(imidazo-1-yl)hexyl) thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  611 S

[(S)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-4-(imidazol-1- yl)butyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  612 S

[(S)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-4-(imidazo-1- yl)butyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  613 S

[(S)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-5-(imidazo-1- yl)pentyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  614 S

[(S)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-5-(imidazo-1- yl)pentyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  615 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-5-(piperidin-1-yl)pentyl) thio)methy-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  616 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-5-(piperidin-1-yl)pentyl) thio)methy-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  617 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-5-(piperidin-1-yl)hexyl) thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  618 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-5-(piperidin-1-yl) hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  619 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-6-morpholinohexyl) thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  620 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-6-morpholinohexyl)thio) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  621 S

[(S)-(((R)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-4- morpholinobutyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  622 S

[(S)-(((S)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-4- morpholinobutyl)thio)methyl-Sar]- 3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  623 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-2-(2- morpholinoethyl)butyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  624 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-2-(2- morpholinoethyl)butyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  625 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1- yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  626 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1- yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  627 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-6-(4-ethylpiperazin-1- yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  628 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-6-(4-ethylpiperazin-1- yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  629 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-6-(4-isopropylpiperazin-1- yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  630 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-6-(4- isopropylpiperazin-1-yl)hexyl)thio) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin  631 S

[(S)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-5-(4- methylpiperazin-1-yl)pentyl)thio) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]- 4-cyclosporin  632 S

[(S)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-5- (4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pentyl) thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  633 S

[(S)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-5- (4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)pentyl) thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  634 S

[(S)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-5- (4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)pentyl)thio) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  635 S

[(S)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-5-(4- isopropylpiperazin-1-yl)pentyl)thio) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  636 S

[(S)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-5- (4-isopropylpiperazin-1-yl)pentyl) thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  637 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-5- (neopentylamino)pentyl) thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  638 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-5-(neopentylamino) pentyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  639 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-3- ((neopentylamino)methyl)butyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  640 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-3- ((neopentylamino)methyl)butyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  641 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-2- ((neopentylamino)methyl)butyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  642 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-2- ((neopentylamino)methyl)butyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  643 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-6-(neopentylamino)hexyl) thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  644 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-6-(neopentylamino)hexyl) thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  645 S

[(S)-(((R)-3-(Hydroxymethyl)-5- (neopentylamino)pentyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  646 S

[(S)-(((S)-3-(Hydroxymethyl)-5- (neopentylamino)pentyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  647 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-2-(2- (neopentylamino)ethyl)butyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  648 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-2-(2- (neopentylamino)ethyl)butyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  649 S

[(S)-(4-(N,N-Dimethylamino)butylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  650 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Isopropyl-N- methylamino)butylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  651 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Ethyl-N- isopropylamino)butylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  652 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Isobutyl-N- methylamino)butylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  653 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Isobutyl-N- ethylamino)butylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  654 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Methyl-N- Neopentylamino)butylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  655 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Ethyl-N- Neopentylamino)butylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  656 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)butylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  657 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Thiazolidinyl)butylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  658 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Oxazolidinyl)butylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  659 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Piperidinyl)butylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  660 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Morpholino)butylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  661 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Thiomorpholino)butylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  662 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Piperazinyl)butylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  663 S

[(S)-(4-(4-Methyl-N-piperazinyl)butylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin  664 S

[(S)-(4-(4-Ethyl-N-piperazinyl)butylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin  665 S

[(S)-(4-(4-n-Propyl-N-piperazinyl)butylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin  666 S

[(S)-(4-(4-Isopropyl-N-piperazinyl) butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  667 S

[(S)-(4-(4-Isobutyl-N-piperazinyl) butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  668 S

[(S)-(4-(4-Neopentyl-N-piperazinyl) butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  669 S

[(S)-(4-(4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-N- piperazinyl)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  670 S

[(S)-(4-(4-(2-Hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-N- piperazinyl)butylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  671 S

[(S)-(4-(4-(3-Hydroxy-3- dimethylbutyl)-N-piperazinyl)butylthio) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  672 S

[(S)-(4-(4-(4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentyl)-N- piperazinyl)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  673 S

[(S)-(4-(4-(2-Methoxyethyl)-N- piperazinyl)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  674 S

[(S)-(4-(4-(2-Methoxy-2-methylproyl)-N- piperazinyl)butylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  675 S

[(S)-(4-(4-(3-Methoxy-3-methylbutyl)-N- piperazinyl)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  676 S

[(S)-(4-(4-(4-Methoxy-4-methylpentyl)-N- piperazinyl)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  677 S

[(S)-(4-Carboxybutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  678 S

[(S)-(4-Carboxybutylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-potassium salt  679 S

[(S)-(4-Carboxybutylthio)methyl-Sar]- 3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]- 4-cyclosporin-sodium salt  680 S

[(S)-(4-Ethoxycarbonylbutylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  681 S

[(S)-(4-isoButoxycarbonylbutylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  682 S

[(S)-(5-Methoxypentylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  683 S

[(S)-(4-Carboxypentylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  684 S

[(S)-(4-Carboxypentylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin- potassium salt  685 S

[(S)-(4-Carboxypentylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-sodium salt  686 S

[(S)-(4-Ethoxycarbonylpentylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  687 S

[(S)-(4,4′-Di(carboxy)butylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  688 S

[(S)-(4,4′-Di(carboxy)butylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin- dipotassium salt  689 S

[(S)-(4,4′-Di(carboxy)butylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin- dipotassium salt  690 S

[(S)-(4,4′-Di(ethoxycarbonyl)butylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  691 S

[(S)-(6,6′-Di(carboxy)hexylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  692 S

[(S)-(6,6′-Di(carboxy)hexylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin- dipotassium salt  693 S

[(S)-(6,6′-Di(carboxy)hexylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin- disodium salt  694 S

[(S)-(6,6′-Di(ethoxycarbonyl) hexylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  695 S

[(S)-(7,7′-Di(carboxy)heptylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  696 S

[(S)-(7,7′-Di(carboxy)heptylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin- dipotassium salt  697 S

[(S)-((7,7′-Dicarboxy)heptylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin-disodium salt  698 S

[(S)-(7,7′-Di(ethoxycarbonyl)heptylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  699 S

[(S)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-methoxy-6- oxohexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  700 S

[(S)-(((S)-3-Hydroxy-6-methoxy-6- oxohexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  701 S

[(S)-(((R)-3-Hydroxy-6-ethoxy-6- oxohexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  702 S

[(S)-(((S)-3-Hydroxy-6-ethoxy- 6-oxohexyl)thio) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  703 S

[(S)-(((R)-3-Hydroxy-6- (neopentylamino)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]- 3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  704 S

[(S)-(((S)-3-Hydroxy-6-(neopentylamino) hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  705 S

[(S)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(imidazol-1- yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  706 S

[(S)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(imidazo-1- yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  707 S

[(S)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl- 6-morpholinohexyl) thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  708 S

[(S)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6- morpholinohexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  709 S

[(S)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6- thiomorpholinohexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  710 S

[(S)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6- thiomorpholinohexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]- 3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  711 S

[(S)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-piperazin-1- ylhexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  712 S

[(S)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-piperazin-1- ylhexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  713 S

[(S)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6- (4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)hexyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  714 S

[(S)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6- (4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)hexyl) thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  715 S

[(S)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6- (4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)hexyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  716 S

[(S)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6- (4-isopropylpiperazin-1-yl)hexyl)thio) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  717 S

[(S)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6- (4-isopropylpiperazin-1-yl)hexyl)thio) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]- 4-cyclosporin  718 S

[(S)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6- (4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)hexyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  719 S

[(S)-((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-4- ethoxycarbonylbutylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  720 S

[(S)-((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-4-ethoxy- carbonylbutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin  721 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7- methoxy-7-oxoheptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  722 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-methoxy- 7-oxoheptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  723 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7-ethoxy-7-oxoheptyl) thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  724 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-ethoxy-7-oxoheptyl) thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  725 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7- (neopentylamino)heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  726 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7- (neopentylamino)heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  727 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7- (imidazol-1-yl)heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  728 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-(imidazo- 1-yl)heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  729 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7- morpholinoheptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  730 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7- morpholinoheptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  731 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7- thiomorpholinoheptyl) thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  732 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7- thiomorpholinoheptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  733 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7-piperazin-1-ylheptyl) thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  734 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7- piperazin-1-ylheptyl) thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  735 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl) heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  736 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl) heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  737 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl) heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  738 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl) heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  739 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7-(4- isopropylpiperazin-1-yl)heptyl)thio) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  740 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-(4- isopropylpiperazin-1-yl)heptyl)thio) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]- 4-cyclosporin  741 S

[(S)-(6-Methoxyhexylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  742 S

[(S)-[(N-(2-Aminoethyl) carbamoyl)methylthio]methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  743 S

[(S)-[(N-(2-(Neopentylamino)ethyl) carbamoyl)methylthio]Sar]-3-[(γ- hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  744 S

[(S)-[(N-(3-Aminopropyl) carbamoyl)methylthio] methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  745 S

[(S)-[(N-(3-(Neopentylamino)propyl) carbamoyl)methylthio]methyl-Sar]-3- cyclosporin  746 S

[(S)-[(N-(4-Aminobutyl)carbamoyl) methylthio]methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  747 S

[(S)-[(N-(4-(Neopentylamino)butyl) carbamoyl)methylthio]-methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  748 S

[(S)-[(N-(5-Aminopentyl)carbamoyl) methylthio]methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  749 S

[(S)-[(N-(5-(Neopentylamino)pentyl) carbamoyl)methylthio]methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  750 S

[(S)-[(N-(6-Aminohexyl)carbamoyl) methylthio]methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  751 S

[(S)-[(N-(6-Neopentylamino)hexyl) carbamoyl)methylthio]methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  752 S

[(S)-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl) methylthio]methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  753 S

[(S)-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆)]carbamoyl) ethylthio]methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  754 S

[(S)-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆) ]carbamoyl) propylthio]methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  755 S

[(S)-((2-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl) methoxy]ethyl)sulfanyl)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  756 S

[(S)-((3-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl) methoxy]propyl)sulfanyl)methyl-Sar]- 3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  757 S

[(S)-((4-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆] carbamoyl)methoxy]butyl) sulfanyl)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  758 S

[(S)-((5-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl) methoxy]pentyl)sulfanyl)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  759 S

[(S)-((6-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl) methoxy]hexyl)sulfanyl)methyl-Sar]- 3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  760 S

[(S)-(Isopentylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  761 S

[(S)-(5-n-Pentylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  762 S

[(S)-(6-n-Hexylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  763 S

[(S)-(7-n-Heptylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  764 O

[(R)-(Carboxymethoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  765 O

[(R)-(Carboxymethoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  766 O

[(R)-(Carboxymethoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin- potassium salt  767 O

[(R)-(2-Hydroxy-2,2-dimethylethoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin- sodium salt  768 O

[(R)-(2-Methoxyethoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin  769 O

[(R)-(2-Methoxy-2-methylpropoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  770 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Isopropylamino)ethoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  771 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Isopropyl-N-methylamino) ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  772 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Ethyl-N-isopropylamino) ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  773 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Isobutylamino)ethoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  774 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Isobutyl-N-methylamino)ethoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  775 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Isobutyl-N-ethylamino)ethoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  776 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Neopentylamino)ethoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  777 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Methyl-N-neopentylamino) ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  778 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Ethyl-N-neopentylamino)ethoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  779 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Thiazolidinyl)ethoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  780 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Oxazolidinyl)ethoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  781 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Thiomorpholino)ethoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  782 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Piperazinyl)ethoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  783 O

[(R)-(2-(4-Methyl-N-piperazinyl)ethoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  784 O

[(R)-(2-(4-Ethyl-N-piperazinyl)ethoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  785 O

[(R)-(2-(4-n-Propyl-N-piperazinyl) ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  786 O

[(R)-(2-(4-Isopropyl-N- piperazinyl)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  787 O

[(R)-(2-(4-Isobutyl-N- piperazinyl)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  788 O

[(R)-(2-(4-Neopentyl-N- piperazinyl)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  789 O

[(R)-(2-(4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-N-piperazinyl) ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  790 O

[(R)-(2-(4-(2-Hydroxy-2- methylpropyl)-N-piperazinyl) ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  791 O

[(R)-(2-(4-(3-Hydroxy-3- methylbutyl)-N-piperazinyl) ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  792 O

[(R)-(2-(4-(4-Hydroxy-4- methylpentyl)-N-piperazinyl) ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  793 O

[(R)-(2-(4-(2-Methoxyethyl)-N- piperazinyl)ethoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin  794 O

[(R)-(2-(4-(2-Methoxy-2- methylpropyl)-N-piperazinyl) ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  795 O

[(R)-(2-(4-(3-Methoxy-3- methylbutyl)-N-piperazinyl) ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  796 O

[(R)-(2-(4-(4-Methoxy-4- methylpentyl)-N-piperazinyl) ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  797 O

[(R)-(2-Carboxyethoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  798 O

[(R)-(2-Carboxyethoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  799 O

[(R)-(2-(Ethoxycarbonyl)ethoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  800 O

[(R)-(3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  801 O

[(R)-(3-Methoxypropoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  802 O

[(R)-(3-Methoxy-3-methylbutoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  803 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Isopropylamino)propoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  804 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Isopropyl-N-methylamino) propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  805 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Ethyl-N-isopropylamino) propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  806 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Isobutylamino)propoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  807 O

[(R)-(3-N-Isobutyl-N-methylamino) propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  808 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Isobutyl-N-ethylamino) propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  809 O

[(R)-(3-(N,N-Diisobutylamino)propoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  810 O

[(R)-3-(N-Neopentylamino)propoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  811 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Methyl-N-Neopentylamino) propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  812 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Ethyl-N-Neopentylamino) propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  813 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Thiazolidinyl)propoxymethyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  814 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Oxazolidinyl)propoxymethyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  815 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Thiomorpholino)propoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  816 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Piperazinyl)propoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  817 O

[(R)-(3-(4-Methyl-N-piperazinyl) propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  818 O

[(R)-(3-(4-Ethyl-N-piperazinyl) propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  819 O

[(R)-(3-(4-Propyl-N-piperazinyl) propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  820 O

[(R)-(3-(4-Isopropyl-N- piperazinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  821 O

[(R)-(3-(4-Isobutyl-N- piperazinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  822 O

[(R)-(3-(4-Neopentyl-N- piperazinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  823 O

[(R)-(3-(4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-N- piperazinyl)propoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin  824 O

[(R)-(3-(4-(2-Hydroxy-2,2-dimethylethyl)-N- piperazinyl)propoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin  825 O

[(R)-(3-(4-(3-Hydroxy-3,3- dimethylpropyl)-N-piperazinyl) propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  826 O

[(R)-(3-(4-(4-Hydroxy-4,4- dimethylbutyl)-N-piperazinyl) propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  827 O

[(R)-(3-(4-(2-Methoxyethyl)-N- piperazinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  828 O

[(R)-(3-(4-(2-Methoxy-2- methylpropyl)-N-piperazinyl) propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  829 O

[(R)-(3-(4-(3-Methoxy-3- methylbutyl)-N-piperazinyl)propoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  830 O

[(R)-(3-(4-(4-Methoxy-4- methylpentyl)-N-piperazinyl)propoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  831 O

[(R)-(3-Carboxypropoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  832 O

[(R)-(3-Carboxypropoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-potassium salt  833 O

[(R)-(3-Carboxypropoxy)methyl-Sar]- 3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin- sodium salt  834 O

[(R)-(3-(Ethoxycarbonyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]- 3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  835 O

[(R)-(4-Hydroxy-4,4-dimethylbutoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  836 O

[(R)-((5-Hydroxy-2-methylpentan- 2-yl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  837 O

[(R)-(4-Hydroxy-2,2-dimethylbutoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  838 O

[(R)-(4-Hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  839 O

[(R)-(4-Methoxy-4-methylpentyloxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  840 O

[(R)-(3-(1-Hydroxycyclopropyl)propoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  841 O

[(R)-((2-(1-(Hydroxymethyl) cyclopropyl)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  842 O

[(R)-(((1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)- oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  843 O

[(R)-((1-(3-Hydroxypropyl) cyclopropyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  844 O

[(R)-((S)-4-Hydroxyhexyloxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  845 O

[(R)-((R)-4-Hydroxyhexyloxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  846 O

[(R)-(((S)-3-(Hydroxymethyl)pentyl)oxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  847 O

[(R)-(((R)-3-(Hydroxymethyl)pentyl)oxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  848 O

[(R)-((S)-2-Ethyl-4-hydroxybutoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  849 O

[(R)-(((R)-2-Ethyl-4-hydroxybutoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  850 O

[(R)-(((S)-4,5-Dihydroxy-pentyl)oxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  851 O

[(R)-(((R)-4,5-Dihydroxy-pentyl)oxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  852 O

[(R)-(((S)-4,5-Dihydroxy-4- methylpentyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  853 O

[(R)-(((R)-4,5-Dihydroxy-4- methylpentyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  854 O

[(R)-(((R)-4,6-Dihydroxyhexyl)oxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  855 O

[(R)-(((S)-4,6-Dihydroxyhexyl)oxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  856 O

[(R)-(((R)-5-Hydroxy-3- (hydroxymethyl)pentyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  857 O

[(R)-(((S)-5-Hydroxy-3- (hydroxymethyl)pentyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  858 O

[(R)-(4-Hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyethyl)butoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin  859 O

[(R)-((4-(Hydroxymethyl)pent-4-en-1-yl) oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  860 O

[(R)-((5-Hydroxy-3-methylenepentyl) oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  861 O

[(R)-((5-Hydroxy-2-methylenepentyl) oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  862 O

[(R)-(2-(2-(Hydroxymethyl)oxiran-2-yl) ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  863 O

[(R)-((2-(2-Hydroxyethyl)oxiran-2-yl) methoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  864 O

[(R)-(3-(3-Hydroxyoxetan-3-yl) propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  865 O

[(R)-((4,5-Dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl) pentyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  866 O

[(R)-(3-(2-(Hydroxymethyl)oxiran-2-yl) propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  867 O

[(R)-(2-(2-(2-Hydroxyethyl)oxiran-2-yl) ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  868 O

[(R)-((2-(3-Hydroxypropyl)oxiran-2-yl) methoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  869 O

[(R)-((5-Hydroxy-4-oxohexyl) oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  870 O

[(R)-((6-Hydroxy-5-oxohexyl) oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  871 O

[(R)-((6-Hydroxy-5-oxohexyl) oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  872 O

[(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-5-(pyrrolidin-1-yl) pentyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  873 O

[(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-5-(pyrrolidin-1-yl) pentyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  874 O

[(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-6-(pyrrolidin-1-yl) hexyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  875 O

[(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-6-(piperidin-1-yl) hexyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  876 O

[(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-5-(imidazol-1-yl) pentyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  877 O

[(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-5-(imidazo-1-yl) pentyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  878 O

[(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-6-(imidazo-1-yl) hexyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  879 O

[(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-6-(imidazo-1-yl) hexyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  880 O

[(R)-((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-4-(imidazol- 1-yl)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  881 O

[(R)-((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-4-(imidazo- 1-yl)butyoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  882 O

[(R)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-5-(imidazo-1- yl)pentyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  883 O

[(R)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-5-(imidazo-1- yl)pentyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  884 O

[(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-5-(piperidin-1-yl) pentyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  885 O

[(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-5-(piperidin-1-yl) pentyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  886 O

[(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-5-(piperidin- 1-yl)hexyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  887 O

[(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-5-(piperidin-1-yl) hexyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  888 O

[(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-6-morpholinohexyl) oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  889 O

[(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-6-morpholinohexyl) oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  890 O

[(R)-((R)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-4- morpholinobutoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  891 O

[(R)-((S)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-4- morpholinobutoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  892 O

[(R)-((S)-4-Hydroxy-2-(2-morpholinoethyl) butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  893 O

[(R)-((R)-4-Hydroxy-2-(2-morpholinoethyl) butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  894 O

[(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1- yl)hexyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  895 O

[(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1- yl)hexyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  896 O

[(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-6-(4-ethylpiperazin-1- yl)hexyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  897 O

[(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-6-(4-ethylpiperazin-1- yl)hexyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  898 O

[(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-6- (4-isopropylpiperazin-1-yl)hexyl) oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  899 O

[(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-6-(4-isopropylpiperazin-1- yl)hexyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  900 O

[(R)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl- 5-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pentyl) oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  901 O

[(R)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl- 5-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pentyl) oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  902 O

[(R)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-5- (4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)pentyl) oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  903 O

[(R)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-5-(4- ethylpiperazin-1-yl)pentyl)oxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  904 O

[(R)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-5- (4-isopropylpiperazin-1-yl)pentyl) oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  905 O

[(R)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-5-(4- isopropylpiperazin-1-yl)pentyl)oxy) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  906 O

[(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-5-(neopentylamino) pentyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  907 O

[(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-5-(neopentylamino) pentyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  908 O

[(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-3- ((neopentylamino)methyl)butyl)oxy) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  909 O

[(R)-((R)-4-Hydroxy-3- ((neopentylamino)methyl)butoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  910 O

[(R)-((S)-4-Hydroxy-2- ((neopentylamino)methyl)butoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  911 O

[(R)-((R)-4-Hydroxy-2- ((neopentylamino)methyl)butoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  912 O

[(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-6-(neopentylamino) hexyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  913 O

[(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-6-(neopentylamino) hexyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  914 O

[(R)-(((R)-3-(Hydroxymethyl)-5- (neopentylamino)pentyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  915 O

[(R)-(((S)-3-(Hydroxymethyl)-5- (neopentylamino)pentyl)oxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  916 O

[(R)-((R)-4-Hydroxy-2-(2- (neopentylamino)ethyl)butoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  917 O

[(R)-((S)-4-Hydroxy-2-(2- (neopentylamino)ethyl)butoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  918 O

[(R)-(4-(N,N-Dimethylamino)butoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  919 O

[(R)-(4-(N,N-Diethylamino)butoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  920 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Isopropylamino)butoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  921 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Isopropyl-N-methylamino) butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  922 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Ethyl-N-isopropylamino) butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  923 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Isobutylamino) butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  924 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Isobutyl-N- methylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  925 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Isobutyl-N- ethylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  926 O

[(R)-(4-(N,N-Diisobutylamino)butoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  927 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Neopentylamino)butoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  928 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Methyl-N- neopentylamino)butoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin  929 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Ethyl-N- neopentylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  930 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)butoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  931 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Thiazolidinyl)butoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  932 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Oxazolidinyl)butoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  933 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Piperidinyl)butoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  934 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Morpholino)butoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  935 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Thiomorpholino)butoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  936 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Piperazinyl)butoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  937 O

[(R)-(4-(4-Methyl-N-piperazinyl)butoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  938 O

[(R)-(4-(4-Ethyl-N-piperazinyl)butoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  939 O

[(R)-(4-(4-n-Propyl-N- piperazinyl)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  940 O

[(R)-(4-(4-Isopropyl-N- piperazinyl)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  941 O

[(R)-(4-(4-Isobutyl-N-piperazinyl) butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  942 O

[(R)-(4-(4-Neopentyl-N- piperazinyl)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  943 O

[(R)-(4-(4-(2-Hydroxymethyl)-N- piperazinyl)butoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  944 O

[(R)-(4-(4-(2-Hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)- N-piperazinyl)butoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  945 O

[(R)-(4-(4-(3-Hydroxy-3- methylbutyl)-N-piperazinyl) butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  946 O

[(R)-(4-(4-(4-Hydroxy-4,4- dimethylbutyl)-N-piperazinyl)butoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  947 O

[(R)-(4-(4-(2-Methoxyethyl)- N-piperazinyl)butoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  948 O

[(R)-(4-(4-(2-Methoxy-2-methylpropyl)- N-piperazinyl)butoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  949 O

[(R)-(4-(4-(3-Methoxy-3-methylbutyl)- N-piperazinyl)butoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin  950 O

[(R)-(4-(4-(4-methoxy-4-methylpentyl)-N- piperazinyl)butoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  951 O

[(R)-(4-Carboxybutoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  952 O

[(R)-(4-Carboxybutoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-potassium salt  953 O

[(R)-(4-Carboxybutoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-sodium salt  954 O

[(R)-(4-(Ethoxycarbonyl)butoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  955 O

[(R)-(5-Carboxypentyloxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  956 O

[(R)-(5-Carboxypentyloxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin- potassium salt  957 O

[(R)-(5-Carboxypentyloxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin- sodium salt  958 O

[(R)-(5-(Ethoxycarbonyl)pentyloxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  959 O

[(R)-((4,4′-Dicarboxy)butoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  960 O

[(R)-((4,4′-Dicarboxy)butoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  961 O

[(R)-(6,6′-Di(carboxy)hexyloxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  962 O

[(R)-(6,6′-Di(carboxy)hexyloxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin-dipotassium salt  963 O

[(R)-(6,6′-Di(carboxy)hexyloxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin- disodium salt  964 O

[(R)-(6,6′-Di(ethoxycarbonyl)hexyloxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  965 O

[(R)-(7,7′-Di(carboxy)heptyloxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  966 O

[(R)-(7,7′-Di(carboxy)heptyloxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin- dipotassium salt  967 O

[(R)-(7,7′-Di(carboxy)heptyloxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin- disodium salt  968 O

[(R)-(7,7′-Di(ethoxycarbonyl)heptyloxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  969 O

[(R)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-methoxy-6- oxohexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  970 O

[(R)-(((S)-3-Hydroxy-6-methoxy- 6-oxohexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  971 O

[(R)-(((R)-3-Hydroxy-6-ethoxy- 6-oxohexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  972 O

[(R)-(((S)-3-Hydroxy-6-ethoxy-6- oxohexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  973 O

[(R)-(((R)-3-Hydroxy-6-(neopentylamino) hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  974 O

[(R)-(((S)-3-Hydroxy-6-(neopentylamino) hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  975 O

[(R)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(imidazol-1- yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  976 O

[(R)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(imidazo-1- yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  977 O

[(R)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-morpholinohexyl) thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  978 O

[(R)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-morpholinohexyl) thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  979 O

[(R)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6- thiomorpholinohexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  980 O

[(R)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6- thiomorpholinohexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  981 O

[(R)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-piperazin-1- ylhexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  982 O

[(R)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-piperazin-1- ylhexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  983 O

[(R)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl- 6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)hexyl)thio) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  984 O

[(R)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(4- methylpiperazin-1-yl)hexyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin  985 O

[(R)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(4- ethylpiperazin-1-yl)hexyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin  986 O

[(R)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(4- isopropylpiperazin-1-yl)hexyl)thio) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  987 O

[(R)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(4- isopropylpiperazin-1-yl)hexyl)thio) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  988 O

[(R)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(4- ethylpiperazin-1-yl)hexyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  989 O

[(R)-((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-4- ethoxycarbonylbutyoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  990 O

[(R)-((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-4- ethoxycarbonylbutoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  991 O

[(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-methoxy-7- oxoheptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  992 O

[(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7-methoxy-7- oxoheptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  993 O

[(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-ethoxy-7- oxoheptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  994 O

[(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7-ethoxy-7- oxoheptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  995 O

[(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7- (neopentylamino)heptyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  996 O

[(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7- (neopentylamino)heptyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  997 O

[(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7- (imidazol-1-yl)heptyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  998 O

[(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-(imidazo- 1-yl)heptyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin  999 O

[(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7- morpholinoheptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1000 O

[(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7- morpholinoheptyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1001 O

[(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7- thiomorpholinoheptyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1002 O

[(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7- thiomorpholinoheptyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1003 O

[(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7-piperazin- 1-ylheptyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1004 O

[(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-piperazin- 1-ylheptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1005 O

[(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl) heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1006 O

[(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl) heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1007 O

[(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl) heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1008 O

[(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl) heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1009 O

[(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7-(4-isopropylpiperazin- 1-yl)heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1010 O

[(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-(4-isopropylpiperazin- 1-yl)heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1011 O

[(R)-(5-Methoxypentyloxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1012 O

[(R)-(6-Hydroxyhexyloxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1013 O

[(R)-(6-Methoxyhexyloxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1014 O

[(R)-[(N-(2-Aminoethyl) carbamoyl)methoxy]methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1015 O

[(R)-[(N-(2-(Neopentylamino)ethyl) carbamoyl)methoxy] methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1016 O

[(R)-[(N-(3-Aminopropyl)carbamoyl) methoxy]methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1017 O

[(R)-[(N-(3-(Neopentylamino) propyl)carbamoyl)methoxy] methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1018 O

[(R)-[(N-(4-Aminobutyl) carbamoyl)methoxy]methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1019 O

[(R)-[(N-(4-(Neopentylamino) butyl)carbamoyl)methoxy]methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1020 O

[(R)-[(N-(5-Aminopentyl) carbamoyl)methoxy]methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1021 O

[(R)-[(N-(5-(Neopentylamino)pentyl) carbamoyl)methoxy]methyl-Sar]-3- cyclosporin 1022 O

[(R)-[(N-(6-Aminohexyl)carbamoyl) methoxy]methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1023 O

[(R)-[(N-(6-(Neopentylamino)hexyl) carbamoyl)methoxy] methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 1024 O

[(R)-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl) methoxy]methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1025 O

[(R)-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl)ethoxy] methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1026 O

[(R)-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆] carbamoyl)propoxy]methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1027 O

[(R)-((2-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆] carbamoyl)methoxy]ethoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1028 O

[(R)-((3-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆] carbamoyl)methoxy]propoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1029 O

[(R)-((4-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆] carbamoyl)methoxy]butoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1030 O

[(R)-((5-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆] carbamoyl)methoxy]pentyloxy) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1031 O

[(R)-((6-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆] carbamoyl)methoxy]hexyloxy) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1032 O

[(R)-(4-Butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1033 O

[(R)-(5-Pentyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1034 O

[(R)-(6-Hexyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1035 O

[(R)-(7-Heptyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1036 CH₂ —CH₂N(CH₃₎₂ [(R)-2-(N,N-Dimethylamino)propyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-hydroxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

TABLE 3

Ex. No. W R_(a) Name 1037 S

[(S)-(Carboxymethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1038 S

[(S)-(Carboxymethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-potassium salt 1039 S

[(S)-(Carboxymethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-sodium salt 1040 S

[(S)-(Ethoxycarbonylmethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1041 S

[(S)-(tert-butoxycarbonylmethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1042 S

[(S)-(2-Hydroxyethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1043 S

[(S)-(2-Hydroxy-2-methylpropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1044 S

[(S)-(2-Methoxyethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1045 S

[(S)-(2-Methoxy-2-methylpropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1046 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Isopropylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1047 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Isopropyl-N-methylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1048 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Isopropyl-N-ethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3 [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1049 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Isobutylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1050 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Isobutyl-N-methylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1051 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Isobutyl-N-ethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1052 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Neopentylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1053 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Methyl-N-neopentylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1054 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Ethyl-N-neopentylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1055 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Thiazolidinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1056 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Oxazolidinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1057 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Piperidinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1058 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Thiomorpholino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1059 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Piperazinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1060 S

[(S)-(2-(4-Methyl-N-piperazinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1061 S

[(S)-(2-(4-Ethyl-N-piperazinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1062 S

[(S)-(2-(4-Propyl-N-piperazinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1063 S

[(S)-(2-(4-Isopropyl-N-piperazinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1064 S

[(S)-(2-(4-Isobutyl-N-piperazinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1065 S

[(S)-(2-(4-Neopentyl-N-piperazinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1066 S

[(S)-(2-(4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-N-piperazinyl)ethylthio)methyl- Sar-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1067 S

[(S)-(2-(4-(2-Hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-N- piperazinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]- 4-cyclosporin 1068 S

[(S)-(2-(4-(3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-N- piperazinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]- 4-cyclosporin 1069 S

[(S)-(2-(4-(4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentyl)-N- piperazinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]- 4-cyclosporin 1070 S

[(R)-(2-(4-(2-Methoxyethyl)-N-piperazinyl)ethylthio)methyl- Sar-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1071 S

[(S)-(2-(4-(2-Methoxy-2-methylproyl)-N- piperazinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]- 4-cyclosporin 1072 S

[(S)-(2-(4-(3-Methoxy-3-methylbutyl)-N- piperazinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]- 4-cyclosporin 1073 S

[(S)-(2-(4-(4-methoxy-4-methylpentyl)-N- piperazinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]- 4-cyclosporin 1074 S

[(S)-(2-Carboxyethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1075 S

[(S)-(2-Carboxyethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-potassium salt 1076 S

[(S)-(2-Carboxyethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-sodium salt 1077 S

[(S)-(2-(Ethoxycarbonyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1078 S

[(S)-(2-(isoButoxycarbonyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1079 S

[(S)-(3-Hydroxypropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1080 S

[(S)-(3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1081 S

[(S)-(3-Methoxypropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1082 S

[(S)-(3-Methoxy-3-methylbutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1083 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Isopropylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1084 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Isopropyl-N-methylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]- 3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1085 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Ethyl-N-isopropylamino)propylthio)methyl [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1086 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Isobutylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1087 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Isobutyl-N-methylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1088 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Isobutyl-N-ethylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1089 S

[(S)-(3-(N,N-Diisobutylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1090 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Neopentylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1091 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Methyl-N-neopentylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]- 3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1092 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Ethyl-N-neopentylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1093 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Thiazolidinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1094 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Oxazolidinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1095 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Thiomorpholino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1096 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1097 S

[(S)-(3-(4-Methyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1098 S

[(S)-(3-(4-Ethyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1099 S

[(S)-(3-(4-n-Propyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1100 S

[(S)-(3-(4-Isopropyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1101 S

[(S)-(3-(4-Isobutyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1102 S

[(S)-(3-(4-Neopentyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1103 S

[(S)-(3-(4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1104 S

[(S)-(3-(4-(2-Hydroxy-2-dimethylpropyl)-N- piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1105 S

[(S)-(3-(4-(3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-N- piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1106 S

[(S)-(3-(4-(4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentyl)-N- piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1107 S

[(S)-(3-(4-(2-Methoxyethyl)-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1108 S

[(S)-(3-(4-(2-Methoxy-2-methylpropyl)-N- piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1109 S

[(S)-(3-(4-(3-Methoxy-3-methylbutyl)-N- piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1110 S

[(S)-(3-(4-(4-Methoxy-4-methylpentyl)-N- piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1111 S

[(S)-(3-Carboxypropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1112 S

[(S)-(3-Carboxypropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-potassium salt 1113 S

[(S)-(3-Carboxypropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-sodium salt 1114 S

[(S)-(3-Methoxycarbonylpropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1115 S

[(S)-(3-Ethoxycarbonylpropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1116 S

[(S)-(3-Isobutoxycarbonylpropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1117 S

[(S)-(4-Hydroxybutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1118 S

[(S)-(4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1119 S

[(S)-((5-Hydroxy-2-methylpentan-2-yl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1120 S

[(S)-((4-Hydroxy-2,2-dimethylbutyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1121 S

[(S)-((4-Hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1122 S

[(S)-(3-(1-Hydroxycyclopropyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1123 S

[(S)-(((2-(1-(Hydroxymethyl)cyclopropyl)ethyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1124 S

[(S)-(((1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1125 S

[(S)-((1-(3-Hydroxypropyl)cyclopropyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1126 S

[(S)-((S)-4-Hydroxyhexylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1127 S

[(S)-((R)-4-Hydroxyhexylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1128 S

[(S)-(((S)-3-(Hydroxymethyl)pentyl)thio)methyl-Sar]- -[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1129 S

[(S)-(((R)-3-(Hydroxymethyl)pentyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1130 S

[(S)-(((S)-2-Ethyl-4-hydroxybutyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1131 S

[(S)-(((R)-2-Ethyl-4-hydroxybutyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1132 S

[(S)-(((S)-4,5-Dihydroxy-4-pentyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1133 S

[(S)-(((R)-4,5-Dihydroxy-4-pentyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1134 S

[(S)-(((S)-4,5-Dihydroxy-4-methylpentyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1135 S

[(S)-(((R)-4,5-Dihydroxy-4-methylpentyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1136 S

[(S)-(((R)-4,6-Dihydroxyhexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1137 S

[(S)-(((S)-4,6-Dihydroxyhexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1138 S

[(S)-(((R)-5-Hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)pentyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1139 S

[(S)-(((S)-5-Hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)pentyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1140 S

[(S)-((4-Hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyethyl)butyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1141 S

[(S)-((4-(Hydroxymethyl)pent-4-en-1-yl)thio)methyl)-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1142 S

[(S)-((5-Hydroxy-3-methylenepentyl)thio)methyl)-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1143 S

[(S)-((5-Hydroxy-2-methylenepentyl)thio)methyl)-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1144 S

[(S)-((2-(2-(Hydroxymethyl)oxiran-2-yl)ethyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1145 S

[(S)-(((2-(2-Hydroxyethyl)oxiran-2-yl)methyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1146 S

[(S)-((3-(3-Hydroxyoxetan-3-yl)propyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1147 S

[(S)-((4,5-Dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)pentyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1148 S

[(S)-((3-(2-(Hydroxymethyl)oxiran-2-yl)propyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1149 S

[(S)-((2-(2-(2-Hydroxyethyl)oxiran-2-yl)ethyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1150 S

[(S)-(((2-(3-Hydroxypropyl)oxiran-2-yl)methyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1151 S

[(S)-((5-Hydroxy-4-oxohexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1152 S

[(S)-((6-Hydroxy-5-oxohexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1153 S

[(S)-((6-Hydroxy-5-oxohexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1154 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-5-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pentyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1155 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-5-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pentyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1156 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-6-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)hexyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1157 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-6-(piperidin-1-yl)hexyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1158 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-5-(imidazol-1-yl)pentyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1159 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-5-(imidazo-1-yl)pentyl)thio)methyl-Sar]- 3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1160 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-6-(imidazo-1-yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]- 3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1161 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-6-(imidazo-1-yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]- 3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1162 S

[(S)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-4-(imidazol-1- yl)butyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin 1163 S

[(S)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-4-(imidazo-1- yl)butyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin 1164 S

[(S)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-5-(imidazo-1- yl)pentyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin 1165 S

[(S)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-5-(imidazo-1- yl)pentyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin 1166 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-5-(piperidin-1-yl)pentyl)thio)methy- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1167 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-5-(piperidin-1-yl)pentyl)thio)methy- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1168 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-5-(piperidin-1-yl)hexyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1169 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-5-(piperidin-1-yl)hexyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1170 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-6-morpholinohexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1171 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-6-morpholinohexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1172 S

[(S)-(((R)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-4-morpholinobutyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1173 S

[(S)-(((S)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-4-morpholinobutyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1174 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-2-(2-morpholinoethyl)butyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1175 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-2-(2-morpholinoethyl)butyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1176 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1- yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin 1177 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1- yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin 1178 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-6-(4-ethylpiperazin-1- yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin 1179 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-6-(4-ethylpiperazin-1- yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin 1180 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-6-(4-isopropylpiperazin-1- yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin 1181 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-6-(4-isopropylpiperazin-1- yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin 1182 S

[(S)-(((R)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-4-morpholinobutyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1183 S

[(S)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-5-(4-methylpiperazin-1- yl)pentyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin 1184 S

[(S)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-5-(4-methylpiperazin-1- yl)pentyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin 1185 S

[(S)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-5-(4-ethylpiperazin-1- yl)pentyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin 1186 S

[(S)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-5-(4-ethylpiperazin-1- yl)pentyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin 1187 S

[(S)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-5-(4-isopropylpiperazin-1- yl)pentyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin 1188 S

[(S)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-5-(4-isopropylpiperazin-1- yl)pentyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin 1189 S

[(S)-(((R)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-4-morpholinobutyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1190 S

[(S)-(((S)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-4-morpholinobutyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1191 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-2-(2-morpholinoethyl)butyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1192 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-2-(2-morpholinoethyl)butyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1193 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-5-(neopentylamino)pentyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1194 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-5-(neopentylamino)pentyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1195 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-3- ((neopentylamino)methyl)butyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1196 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-3- ((neopentylamino)methyl)butyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1197 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-2- ((neopentylamino)methyl)butyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1198 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-2- ((neopentylamino)methyl)butyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1199 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-6-(neopentylamino)hexyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1200 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-6-(neopentylamino)hexyl)thio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1201 S

[(S)-(((R)-3-(Hydroxymethyl)-5- (neopentylamino)pentyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1202 S

[(S)-(((S)-3-(Hydroxymethyl)-5- (neopentylamino)pentyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1203 S

[(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-2-(2- (neopentylamino)ethyl)butyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1204 S

[(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-2-(2- (neopentylamino)ethyl)butyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1205 S

[(S)-(4-Methoxy-4-methylpentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1206 S

[(S)-(4-(N,N-Dimethylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1207 S

[(S)-(4-(N,N-Diethylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1208 S

[(S)-(4 -(N-Isopropylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1209 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Isopropyl-N-methylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1210 S

[(R)-(4-(N-Ethyl-N-isopropylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1211 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Isobutylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1212 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Isobutyl-N-methylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1213 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Isobutyl-N-ethylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1214 S

[(S)-(4-(N,N-Diisobutylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1215 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Neopentylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1216 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Methyl-N-neopentylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]- 3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1217 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Ethyl-N-neopentylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1218 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1219 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Thiazolidinyl)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1220 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Oxazolidinyl)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1221 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Piperidinyl)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1222 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Morpholino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1223 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Thiomorpholino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1224 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Piperazinyl)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1225 S

[(S)-(4-(4-Methyl-N-piperazinyl)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1226 S

[(S)-(4-(4-Ethyl-N-piperazinyl)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1227 S

[(S)-(4-(4-n-Propyl-N-piperazinyl)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1228 S

[(S)-(4-(4-Isopropyl-N-piperazinyl)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1229 S

[(S)-(4-(4-Isobutyl-N-piperazinyl)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1230 S

[(S)-(4-(4-Neopentyl-N-piperazinyl)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1231 S

[(S)-(4-(4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-N-piperazinyl)butylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1232 S

[(S)-(4-(4-(2-Hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-N- piperazinyl)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]- 4-cyclosporin 1233 S

[(S)-(4-(4-(3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-N- piperazinyl)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]- 4-cyclosporin 1234 S

[(S)-(4-(4-(4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentyl)-N- piperazinyl)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]- 4-cyclosporin 1235 S

[(S)-(4-(4-(2-Methoxyethyl)-N-piperazinyl)butylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1236 S

[(S)-(4-(4-(2-Methoxy-2-methylpropyl)-N- piperazinyl)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]- 4-cyclosporin 1237 S

[(S)-(4-(4-(3-Methoxy-3-methylbutyl)-N- piperazinyl)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]- 4-cyclosporin 1238 S

[(S)-(4-(4-(4-Methoxy-4-methylpentyl)-N- piperazinyl)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]- 4-cyclosporin 1239 S

[(S)-(4-Carboxybutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1240 S

[(S)-(4-Carboxybutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-potassium salt 1241 S

[(S)-(4-Carboxybutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-sodium salt 1242 S

[(S)-(4-Methoxycarbonylbutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1243 S

[(S)-(4-Ethoxycarbonylbutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1244 S

[(S)-(4-isoButoxycarbonylbutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1245 S

[(S)-(5-Hydroxypentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1246 S

[(S)-(5-Methoxypentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1247 S

[(S)-(4-Carboxypentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1248 S

[(S)-(4-Carboxypentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-potassium salt 1249 S

[(S)-(4-Carboxypentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-sodium salt 1250 S

[(S)-(4-Ethoxycarbonylpentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1251 S

[(S)-((4,4′-Dicarboxy)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1252 S

[(S)-((4,4′-Dicarboxy)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-dipotassium salt 1253 S

[(S)-((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-4-ethoxycarbonybutylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1254 S

[(S)-((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-4-ethoxycarbonybutylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1255 S

[(S)-(6-Hydroxyhexylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1256 S

[(S)-(6-Methoxyhexylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1257 S

[(S)-[(N-(2-Aminoethyl)carbamoyl)methylthio]methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1258 S

[(S)-[(N-(2-(Neopentylamino)ethyl)carbamoyl)methylthio] methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1259 S

[(S)-[(N-(3-Aminopropyl)carbamoyl)methylthio]methyl-Sar]- 3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1260 S

[(S)-[(N-(3-(Neopentylamino)propyl)carbamoyl)methylthio] methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 1261 S

[(S)-[(N-(4-Aminobutyl)carbamoyl)methylthio]methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1262 S

[(S)-[(N-(4-(Neopentylamino)butyl)carbamoyl)methylthio] methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1263 S

[(S)-[(N-(5-Aminopentyl)carbamoyl)methylthio]methyl-Sar]- 3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1264 S

[(S)-[(N-(5-(Neopentylamino)pentyl)carbamoyl)methylthio] methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1265 S

[(S)-[(N-(6-Aminohexyl)carbamoyl)methylthio]methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1266 S

[(S)-[(N-(6-Neopentylamino)hexyl)carbamoyl)methylthio] methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1267 S

[(S)-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl)methylthio]methyl-Sar]- 3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1268 S

[(S)-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl)ethylthio]methyl-Sar]- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1269 S

[(S)-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl)propylthio]methyl-Sar]- 3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1270 S

[(S)-((2-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl)methoxy]ethyl) sulfanyl)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1271 S

[(S)-((3-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl)methoxy]propyl) sulfanyl)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1272 S

[(S)-((4-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl)methoxy]butyl) sulfanyl)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1273 S

[(S)-((5-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl)methoxy]pentyl) sulfanyl)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1274 S

[(S)-((6-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl)methoxy]hexyl) sulfanyl)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1275 S

[(S)-(Isopentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin 1276 S

[(S)-(5-n-Pentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin 1277 S

[(S)-(6-n-Hexylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin 1278 S

[(S)-(7-n-Heptylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]- 4-cyclosporin 1279 O

[(R)-(Carboxymethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1280 O

[(R)-(Carboxymethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-potassium salt 1281 O

[(R)-(Carboxymethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-sodium salt 1282 O

[(R)-((Ethoxycarbonyl)methoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1283 O

[(R)-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1284 O

[(R)-(2-Hydroxy-2,2-dimethylethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1285 O

[(R)-(2-Methoxyethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1286 O

[(R)-(2-Methoxy-2-methylpropoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1287 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Isopropylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1288 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Isopropyl-N-methylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1289 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Ethyl-N-isopropylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1290 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Isobutylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1291 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Isobuty l-N-methylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1292 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Isobutyl-N-ethylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1293 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Neopentylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1294 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Methyl-N-neopentylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1295 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Ethyl-N-neopentylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1296 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Thiazolidinyl)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1297 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Oxazolidinyl)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1298 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Piperidinyl)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1299 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Thiomorpholino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1300 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Piperazinyl)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1301 O

[(R)-(2-(4-Methyl-N-piperazinyl)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1302 O

[(R)-(2-(4-Ethyl-N-piperazinyl)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1303 O

[(R)-(2-(4-Propyl-N-piperazinyl)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1304 O

[(R)-(2-(4-Isopropyl-N-piperazinyl)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1305 O

[(R)-(2-(4-Isobutyl-N-piperazinyl)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1306 O

[(R)-(2-(4-Neopentyl-N-piperazinyl)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1307 O

[(R)-(2-(4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-N-piperazinyl)ethoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1308 O

[(R)-(2-(4-(2-Hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-N-piperazinyl) ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1309 O

[(R)-(2-(4-(3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-N- piperazinyl)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin 1310 O

[(R)-(2-(4-(4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentyl)-N-piperazinyl) ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1311 O

[(R)-(2-(4-(2-Methoxyethyl)-N-piperazinyl)ethoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1312 O

[(R)-(2-(4-(2-Methoxy-2-methylpropyl)-N-piperazinyl) ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1313 O

[(R)-(2-(4-(3-Methoxy-3-methylbutyl)-N-piperazinyl) ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1314 O

[(R)-(2-(4-(4-Methoxy-4-methylpentyl)-N-piperazinyl) ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1315 O

[(R)-(2-Carboxyethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1316 O

[(R)-(2-Carboxyethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-potassium salt 1317 O

[(R)-(2-Carboxyethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-sodium salt 1318 O

[(R)-(2-(Ethoxycarbonyl)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1319 O

[(R)-(3-Hydroxypropoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1320 O

[(R)-(3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1321 O

[(R)-(3-Methoxypropoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1322 O

[(R)-(3-Methoxy-3-methylbutoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1323 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Isopropylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1324 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Isopropyl-N-methylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1325 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Ethyl-N-isopropylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1326 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Isobutylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1327 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Isobutyl-N-methylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1328 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Ethyl-N-isobutylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1329 O

[(R)-(3-(N,N-Diisobutylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1330 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Neopentylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1331 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Methyl-N-neopentylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1332 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Ethyl-N-neopentylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1333 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Thiazolidinyl)propoxymethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1334 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Oxazolidinyl)propoxymethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1335 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Piperidinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1336 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Morpholino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1337 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Thiomorpholino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1338 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Piperazinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1339 O

[(R)-(3-(4-Methyl-N-piperazinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1340 O

[(R)-(3-(4-Ethyl-N-piperazinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1341 O

[(R)-(3-(4-Propyl-N-piperazinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1342 O

[(R)-(3-(4-Isopropy1-N-piperazinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(y-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1343 O

[(R)-(3-(4-Isobutyl-N-piperazinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(y- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1344 O

[(R)-(3-(4-Neopentyl-N-piperazinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1345 O

[(R)-(3-(4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-N-piperazinyl)propoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1346 O

[(R)-(3-(4-(2-Hydroxy-2,2-dimethylethyl)-N-piperazinyl) propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1347 O

[(R)-(3-(4-(3-Hydroxy-3,3-dimethylpropyl)-N-piperazinyl) propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1348 O

[(R)-(3-(4-(4-Hydroxy-4,4-dimethylbutyl)-N-piperazinyl) propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1349 O

[(R)-(3-(4-(2-Methoxyethyl)-N-piperazinyl)propoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1350 O

[(R)-(3-(4-(2-Methoxy-2-methylpropyl)-N-piperazinyl) propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1351 O

[(R)-(3-(4-(3-Methoxy-3-methylbutyl)-N-piperazinyl) propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1352 O

[(R)-(3-(4-(4-Methoxy-4-methylpentyl)-N-piperazinyl) propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1353 O

[(R)-(3-Carboxypropoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1354 O

[(R)-(3-Carboxypropoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-potassium salt 1355 O

[(R)-(3-Carboxypropoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-sodium salt 1356 O

[(R)-(3-(Ethoxycarbonyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1357 O

[(R)-(4-Hydroxybutoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1358 O

[(R)-((5-Hydroxy-2-methylpentan-2-yl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1359 O

[(R)-(4-Hydroxy-2,2-dimethylbutoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1360 O

[(R)-(4-Hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1361 O

[(R)-(4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1362 O

[(R)-(4-Methoxybutoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1363 O

[(R)-(4-Methoxy-4-methylpentyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1364 O

[(R)-(3-(1-Hydroxycyclopropyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1365 O

[(R)-((2-(1-(Hydroxymethyl)cyclopropyl)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]- 3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1366 O

[(R)-(((1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)oxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1367 O

[(R)-((1-(3-Hydroxypropyl)cyclopropyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1368 O

[(R)-((S)-4-Hydroxyhcxyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1369 O

[(R)-((R)-4-Hydroxyhexyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1370 O

[(R)-(((S)-3-(Hydroxymethyl)pentyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1371 O

[(R)-(((R)-3-(Hydroxymethyl)pentyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1372 O

[(R)-((S)-2-Ethyl-4-hydroxybutoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1373 O

[(R)-(((R)-2-Ethyl-4-hydroxybutoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1374 O

[(R)-(((S)-4,5-Dihydroxy-4-pentyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1375 O

[(R)-(((R)-4,5-Dihydroxy-4-pentyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1376 O

[(R)-(((S)-4,5-Dihydroxy-4-methylpentyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1377 O

[(R)-(((R)-4,5-Dihydroxy-4-methylpentyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1378 O

[(R)-(((R)-4,6-Dihydroxyhexyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1379 O

[(R)-(((S)-4,6-Dihydroxyhexyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1380 O

[(R)-(((R)-5-Hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)pentyl)oxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1381 O

[(R)-(((S)-5-Hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)pentyl)oxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1382 O

[(R)-(4-Hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyethyl)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1383 O

[(R)-((4-(Hydroxymethyl)pent-4-en-1-yl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1384 O

[(R)-((5-Hydroxy-3-methylenepentyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1385 O

[(R)-((5-Hydroxy-2-methylenepentyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1386 O

[(R)-(2-(2-(Hydroxymethyl)oxiran-2-yl)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1387 O

[(R)-((2-(2-Hydroxyethyl)oxiran-2-yl)methoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1388 O

[(R)-(3-(3-Hydroxyoxetan-3-yl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(y- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1389 O

[(R)-((4,5-Dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)pentyl)oxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1390 O

[(R)-(3-(2-(Hydroxymethyl)oxiran-2-yl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]- 3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1391 O

[(R)-(2-(2-(2-Hydroxyethyl)oxiran-2-yl)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1392 O

[(R)-((2-(3-Hydroxypropyl)oxiran-2-yl)methoxy)methyl-Sar]- 3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1393 O

[(R)-((5-Hydroxy-4-oxohexyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1394 O

[(R)-((6-Hydroxy-5-oxohexyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1395 O

[(R)-((6-Hydroxy-5-oxohexyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1396 O

[(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-5-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pentyl)oxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1397 O

[(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-5-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pentyl)oxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1398 O

[(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-6-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)hexyl)oxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1399 O

[(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-6-(piperidin-1-yl)hexyl)oxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1400 O

[(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-5-(imidazol-1-yl)pentyl)oxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1401 O

[(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-5-(imidazo-1-yl)pentyl)oxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1402 O

[(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-6-(imidazo-1-yl)hexyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]- 3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1403 O

[(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-6-(imidazo-1-yl)hexyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]- 3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1404 O

[(R)-((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-4-(imidazol-1-yl)butoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1405 O

[(R)-((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-4-(imidazo-1-yl)butoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1406 O

[(R)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-5-(imidazo-1- yl)pentyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin 1407 O

[(R)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-5-(imidazo-1- yl)pentyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin 1408 O

[(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-5-(piperidin-1-yl)pentyl)oxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1409 O

[(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-5-(piperidin-1-yl)pentyl)oxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1410 O

[(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-5-(piperidin-1-yl)hexyl)oxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1411 O

[(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-5-(piperidin-1-yl)hexyl)oxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1412 O

[(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-6-morpholinohexyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1413 O

[(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-6-morpholinohexyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1414 O

[(R)-((R)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-4-morpholinobutoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1415 O

[(R)-((S)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-4-morpholinobutoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1416 O

[(R)-((S)-4-Hydroxy-2-(2-morpholinoethyl)butoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1417 O

[(R)-((R)-4-Hydroxy-2-(2-morpholinoethyl)butoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1418 O

[(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1- yl)hexyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin 1419 O

[(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1- yl)hexyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin 1420 O

[(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-6-(4-ethylpiperazin-1- yl)hexyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin 1421 O

[(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-6-(4-ethylpiperazin-1- yl)hexyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin 1422 O

[(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-6-(4-isopropylpiperazin-1- yl)hexyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin 1423 O

[(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-6-(4-isopropylpiperazin-1- yl)hexyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin 1424 O

[(R)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-5-(4-methylpiperazin-1- yI)pentyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin 1425 O

[(R)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-5-(4-methylpiperazin-1- yl)pentyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin 1426 O

[(R)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-5-(4-ethylpiperazin-1- yl)pentyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin 1427 O

[(R)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-5-(4-ethylpiperazin-1- yl)pentyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin 1428 O

[(R)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-5-(4-isopropylpiperazin-1- yl)pentyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin 1429 O

[(R)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-5-(4-isopropylpiperazin-1- yl)pentyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin 1430 O

[(R)-(((R)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-4-morpholinobutyl)oxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1431 O

[(R)-((S)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-4-morpholinobutoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1432 O

[(R)-((S)-4-Hydroxy-2-(2-morpholinoethyl)butoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1433 O

[(R)-((R)-4-Hydroxy-2-(2-morpholinoethyl)butoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1434 O

[(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-5-(neopentylamino)pentyl)oxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1435 O

[(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-5-(neopentylamino)pentyl)oxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1436 O

[(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-3- ((neopentylamino)methyl)butyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1437 O

[(R)-((R)-4-Hydroxy-3- ((neopentylamino)methyl)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1438 O

[(R)-((S)-4-Hydroxy-2- ((neopentylamino)methyl)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1439 O

[(R)-((R)-4-Hydroxy-2- ((neopentylamino)methyl)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1440 O

[(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-6-(neopentylamino)hexyl)oxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1441 O

[(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-6-(neopentylamino)hexyl)oxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1442 O

[(R)-(((R)-3-(Hydroxymethyl)-5- (neopentylamino)pentyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1443 O

[(R)-(((S)-3-(Hydroxymethyl)-5- (neopentylamino)pentyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1444 O

[(R)-((R)-4-Hydroxy-2-(2- (neopentylamino)ethyl)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1445 O

[(R)-((S)-4-Hydroxy-2-(2- (neopentylamino)ethyl)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1446 O

[(R)-(4-(N,N-Dimethylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1447 O

[(R)-(4-(N,N-Diethylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1448 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Isopropylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1449 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Isopropyl-N-methylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1450 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Ethyl-N-isopropylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1451 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Isobutylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1452 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Isobutyl-N-methylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1453 O

[(R)-(4-(N-ethyl-N-isobutylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1454 O

[(R)-(4-(N,N-Diisobutylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1455 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Neopentylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1456 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Methyl-N-neopentylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1457 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Ethyl-N-neopentylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1458 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1459 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Thiazolidinyl)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1460 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Oxazolidinyl)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1461 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Piperidinyl)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1462 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Morpholino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1463 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Thiomorpholino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1464 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Piperazinyl)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1465 O

[(R)-(4-(4-Methyl-N-piperazinyl)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1466 O

[(R)-(4-(4-Ethyl-N-piperazinyl)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1467 O

[(R)-(4-(4-Propyl-N-piperazinyl)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1468 O

[(R)-(4-(4-Isopropyl-N-piperazinyl)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1469 O

[(R)-(4-(4-Isobutyl-N-piperazinyl)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1470 O

[(R)-(4-(4-Neopentyl-N-piperazinyl)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1471 O

[(R)-(4-(4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-N-piperazinyl)butoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1472 O

[(R)-(4-(4-(2-Hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-N-piperazinyl) butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1473 O

[(R)-(4-(4-(3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-N-piperazinyl) butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1474 O

[(R)-(4-(4-(4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentyl)-N- piperazinyl)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin 1475 O

[(R)-(4-(4-(2-Methoxyethyl)-N-piperazinyl)butoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1476 O

[(R)-(4-(4-(2-Methoxy-2-methylpropyl)-N-piperazinyl) butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1477 O

[(R)-(4-(4-(3-Methoxy-3-methylbutyl)-N-piperazinyl) butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1478 O

[(R)-(4-(4-(4-Methoxy-4-methylpentyl)-N-piperazinyl) butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1479 O

[(R)-(4-Carboxybutoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1480 O

[(R)-(4-Carboxybutoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-potassium salt 1481 O

[(R)-(4-Carboxybutoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-sodium salt 1482 O

[(R)-(4-(Ethoxycarbonyl)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)- N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1483 O

[(R)-(5-Carboxypentyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1484 O

[(R)-(5-Carboxypentyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-sodium salt 1485 O

[(R)-5-((Ethoxycarbonyl)pentyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1486 O

[(R)-(5-Hydroxypentyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1487 O

[(R)-(5-Methoxypentyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1488 O

[(R)-(4-Carboxypentyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1489 O

[(R)-(4-Carboxypentyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-potassium salt 1490 O

[(R)-(4-Carboxypentyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-sodium salt 1491 O

[(R)-(4-Ethoxycarbonylpentyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1492 O

[(R)-((4,4′-Dicarboxy)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1493 O

[(R)-((4,4′-Dicarboxy)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-dipotassium salt 1494 O

[(R)-((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-4-ethoxycarbonybutoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1495 O

[(R)-((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-4-ethoxycarbonybutoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1496 O

[(R)-(6-Hydroxyhexyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1497 O

[(R)-(6-Methoxyhexyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1498 O

[(R)-[(N-(2-Aminoethyl)carbamoyl)methoxy]methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1499 O

[(R)-[(N-(2-(Neopentylamino)ethyl)carbamoyl)methoxy] methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1500 O

[(R)-[(N-(3-Aminopropyl)carbamoyl)methoxy]methyl [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1501 O

[(R)-[(N-(3-(Neopentylamino)propyl)carbamoyl)methoxy] methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1502 O

[(R)-[(N-(4-Aminobutyl)carbamoyl)methoxy]methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1503 O

[(R)-[(N-(4-(Neopentylamino)butyl)carbamoyl)methoxy] methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1504 O

[(R)-[(N-(5-Aminopentyl)carbamoyl)methoxy]methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1505 O

[(R)-[(N-(5-(Neopentylamino)pentyl)carbamoyl)methoxy] methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1506 O

[(R)-[(N-(6-Aminohexyl)carbamoyl)methoxy]methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1507 O

[(R)-[(N-(6-(Neopentylamino)hexyl)carbamoyl)methoxy] methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1508 O

[(R)-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)6]carbamoyl)methoxy]methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1509 O

[(R)-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)6]carbamoyl)ethoxy]methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1510 O

[(R)-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)6]carbamoyl)propoxy]methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1511 O

[(R)-((2-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)6]carbamoyl)methoxy]ethoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1512 O

[(R)-((3-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)6]carbamoyl)methoxy]propoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1513 O

[(R)-((4-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)6]carbamoyl)methoxy]butoxy) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1514 O

[(R)-((5-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)6]carbamoyl)methoxy]pentyloxy) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1515 O

[(R)-((6-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)6]carbamoyl)methoxy]hexyloxy) methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1516 O

[(R)-(4-Butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin 1517 O

[(R)-(5-Pentyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin 1518 O

[(R)-(6-Hexyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin 1519 O

[(R)-(7-Heptyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin 1520 CH₂ —NO₂ [(R)-2-Nitroethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin 1521 CH₂ —NH₂ [(R)-2-Aminoethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- cyclosporin 1522 CH₂ —N(CH₃)₂ [(R)-2-(N,N-Dimethylamino)ethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1523 CH₂ —N(CH₂CH₃)₂ [(R)-2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1524 CH₂ —CH₂N(CH₃)₂ [(R)-2-(N,N-Dimethylamino)propyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1525 CH₂ —(COOEt)₂ [(R)-2,2-Di(ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl)-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1526 CH₂ —(CH₂OH)₂ [(R)-2,2-Di(hydroxylmethyl)ethyl)-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

TABLE 4

Ex. No. W R_(a) Name 1527 S

[(S)-(Carboxymethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1528 S

[(S)-(Carboxymethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4-cyclosporin-potassium salt 1529 S

[(S)-(Carboxymethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4-cyclosporin-sodium salt 1530 S

[(S)-(Ethoxycarbonylmethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1531 S

[(S)-(2-Hydroxyethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1532 S

[(S)-(2-Hydroxy-2,2-dimethylethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1533 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Isobutylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1534 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Isobutyl-N-methylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1535 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Neopentylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1536 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Methyl-N-neopentylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1537 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1538 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Piperidinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1539 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Morpholino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1540 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Thiomorpholino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1541 S

[(S)-(3-Hydroxypropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1542 S

[(S)-(3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1543 S

[(S)-(3-(N,N-Dimethylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1544 S

[(S)-(3-(N,N-Diethylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1545 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Isobutylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1546 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Isobutyl-N-methylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1547 S

[(S)-(3-(N,N-Diisobutylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1548 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Neopentylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1549 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Methyl-N-neopentylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4- cyclosporin 1550 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]- 4-cyclosporin 1551 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Piperidinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4- cyclosporin 1552 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Morpholino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]- 4-cyclosporin 1553 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Thiomorpholino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N- MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1554 S

[(S)-(4-Hydroxybutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4- cyclosporin 1555 S

[(S)-(4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N- MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1556 S

[(S)-(4-(N,N-Dimethylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N- MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1557 S

[(S)-(4-(N,N-Diethylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N- MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1558 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Isobutylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]- 4-cyclosporin 1559 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Isobutyl-N-methylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- [N-MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1560 S

[(S)-(4-(N,N-Diisobutylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N- MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1561 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Neopentylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N- MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1562 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Methyl-N-Neopentylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]- 3-[N-MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1563 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4- cyclosporin 1564 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Piperidinyl)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4- cyclosporin 1565 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Morpholino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4- cyclosporin 1566 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Thiomorpholino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N- MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1567 S

[(S)-(3-Carboxypropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4- cyclosporin 1568 S

[(S)-(3-Carboxypropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4- cyclosporin-potassium salt 1569 S

[(S)-(3-Carboxypropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4- cyclosporin-sodium salt 1570 S

[(S)-(3-Ethoxycarbonylpropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]- 4-cyclosporin 1571 O

[(R)-(Carboxymethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4- cyclosporin 1572 O

[(R)-(Carboxymethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4- cyclosporin-potassium salt 1573 O

[(R)-(Carboxymethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4- cyclosporin-sodium salt 1574 O

[(R)-((Ethoxycarbonyl)methoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4- cyclosporin 1575 O

[(R)-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4- cyclosporin 1576 O

[(R)-(2-Hydroxy-2-methylprpoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]- 4-cyclosporin 1577 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Isobutylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4- cyclosporin 1578 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Isobutyl-N-methylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N- MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1579 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Neopentylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N- MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1580 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Methyl-N-neopentylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [N-MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1581 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4- cyclosporin 1582 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Piperidinyl)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4- cyclosporin 1583 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Morpholino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4- cyclosporin 1584 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Thiomorpholino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]- 4-cyclosporin 1585 O

[(R)-(3-Hydroxypropoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4- cyclosporin 1586 O

[(R)-(3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]- 4-cyclosporin 1587 O

[(R)-(3-(N,N-Dimethylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N- MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1588 O

[(R)-(3-(N,N-Diethylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N- MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1589 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Isobutylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]- 4-cyclosporin 1590 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Isobutyl-N-methylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [N-MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1591 O

[(R)-(3-(N,N-Diisobutylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N- MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1592 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Neopentylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N- MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1593 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Methyl-N-neopentylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [N-MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1594 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4- cyclosporin 1595 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Piperidinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4- cyclosporin 1596 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Morpholino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4- cyclosporin 1597 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Thiomorpholino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N- MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1598 O

[(R)-(3-Carboxypropoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4- cyclosporin 1599 O

[(R)-(3-Carboxypropoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4- cyclosporin-potassium salt 1600 O

[(R)-(3-Carboxypropoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4- cyclosporin-sodium salt 1601 O

[(R)-(3-(Ethoxycarbonyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]- 4-cyclosporin 1602 O

[(R)-(4-Hydroxybutoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4- cyclosporin 1603 O

[(R)-(4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N- MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1604 O

[(R)-(4-(N,N-Dimethylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N- MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1605 O

[(R)-(4-(N,N-Diethylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]- 4-cyclosporin 1606 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Isobutylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]- 4-cyclosporin 1607 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Isobutyl-N-methylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N- MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1608 O

[(R)-(4-(N,N-Diisobutylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N- MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1609 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Neopentylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N- MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1610 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Methyl-N-neopentylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [N-MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 1611 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4- cyclosporin 1612 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Piperidinyl)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4- cyclosporin 1613 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Morpholino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4- cyclosporin 1614 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Thiomorpholino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]- 4-cyclosporin

TABLE 5

Ex. No. W R_(a) Name 1615 S

[(S)-(Carboxymethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin 1616 S

[(S)-(Carboxymethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin-potassium salt 1617 S

[(S)-(Carboxymethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin-sodium salt 1618 S

[(S)-(Ethoxycarbonylmethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin 1619 S

[(S)-(2-Hydroxyethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin 1620 S

[(S)-(2-Hydroxy-2-methylpropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N- MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1621 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Isobutylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]- 4-cyclosporin 1622 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Isobutyl-N-methylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- [N-MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1623 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Neopentylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N- MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1624 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Methyl-N-neopentylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- [N-MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1625 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin 1626 S

[(S)-2-(N-Piperidinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin 1627 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Morpholino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin 1628 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Thiomorpholino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N- MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1629 S

[(S)-(3-Hydroxypropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin 1630 S

[(S)-(3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]- 4-cyclosporin 1631 S

[(S)-(3-(N,N-Dimethylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N- MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1632 S

[(S)-(3-(N,N-Diethylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N- MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1633 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Isobutylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N- MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1634 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Isobutyl-N-methylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- [N-MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1635 S

[(S)-(3-(N,N-Diisobutylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N- MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1636 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Neopentylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N- MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1637 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Methyl-N-neopentylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]- 3-[N-MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1638 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin 1639 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Piperidinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin 1640 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Morpholino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin 1641 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Thiomorpholino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N- MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1642 S

[(S)-(3-Carboxypropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin 1643 S

[(S)-(3-Carboxypropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin-potassium salt 1644 S

[(S)-(3-Carboxypropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin-sodium salt 1645 S

[(S)-(3-Ethoxycarbonylpropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin 1646 S

[(S)-(4-Hydroxybutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin 1647 S

[(S)-(4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]- 4-cyclosporin 1648 S

[(S)-(4-(N,N-Dimethylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N- MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1649 S

[(S)-(4-(N,N-Diethylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N- MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1650 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Isobutylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]- 4-cyclosporin 1651 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Isobutyl-N-methylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- [N-MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1652 S

[(S)-(4-(N,N-Diisobutyl-N-methylamino)butylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1653 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Neopentylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N- MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1654 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Methyl-N-Neopentylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]- 3-[N-MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1655 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin 1656 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Piperidinyl)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin 1657 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Morpholino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin 1658 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Thiomorpholino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N- MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1659 S

[(S)-(4-Carboxypentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin 1660 S

[(S)-(4-Carboxypentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin-potassium salt 1661 S

[(S)-(4-Carboxypentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin-sodium salt 1662 S

[(S)-(4-Ethoxycarbonylpentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin 1663 S

[(S)-((4,4′-Dicarboxy)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin 1664 S

[(S)-((4,4′-Dicarboxy)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin-dipotassium salt 1665 S

[(S)-((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-4-ethoxycarbonybutylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1666 S

[(S)-((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-4-ethoxycarbonybutylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1667 O

[(R)-(Carboxymethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin 1668 O

[(R)-(Carboxymethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin-potassium salt 1669 O

[(R)-(Carboxymethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin-sodium salt 1670 O

[(R)-((Ethoxycarbonyl)methoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin 1671 O

[(R)-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin 1672 O

[(R)-(2-Hydroxy-2-methylpropoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]- 4-cyclosporin 1673 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Isobutylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin 1674 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Isobutyl-N-methylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N- MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1675 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Neopentylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]- 4-cyclosporin 1676 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Methyl-N-neopentylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [N-MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1677 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin 1678 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Piperidinyl)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin 1679 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Morpholino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin 1680 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Thiomorpholino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]- 4-cyclosporin 1681 O

[(R)-(3-Hydroxypropoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin 1682 O

[(R)-(3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin 1683 O

[(R)-(3-(N,N-Dimethylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N- MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1684 O

[(R)-(3-(N,N-Diethylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N- McIle]-4-cyclosporin 1685 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Isobutylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]- 4-cyclosporin 1686 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Isobutyl-N-methylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [N-MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1687 O

[(R)-(3-(N,N-Diisobutylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N- MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1688 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Neopentylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N- MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1689 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Methyl-N-neopentylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [N-MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1690 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin 1691 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Piperidinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin 1692 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Morpholino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin 1693 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Thiomorpholino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N- MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1694 O

[(R)-(3-Carboxypropoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin 1695 O

[(R)-(3-Carboxypropoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin-potassium salt 1696 O

[(R)-(3-Carboxypropoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin-sodium salt 1697 O

[(R)-(3-(Ethoxycarbonyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin 1698 O

[(R)-(4-Hydroxybutoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin 1699 O

[(R)-(4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N- MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1700 O

[(R)-(4-(N,N-Dimethylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N- MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1701 O

[(R)-(4-(N,N-Diethylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]- 4-cyclosporin 1702 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Isobutylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin 1703 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Isobutyl-N-methylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N- MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1704 O

[(R)-(4-(N,N-Diisobutylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N- MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1705 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Neopentylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]- 4-cyclosporin 1706 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Methyl-N-neopentylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [N-MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1707 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin 1708 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Piperidinyl)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin 1709 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Morpholino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin 1710 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Thiomorpholino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]- 4-cyclosporin 1711 O

[(R)-(4-Carboxypentyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin 1712 O

[(R)-(4-Carboxypentyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin-potassium salt 1713 O

[(R)-(4-Carboxypentyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin-sodium salt 1714 O

[(R)-(4-Ethoxycarbonylpentyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin 1715 O

[(R)-((4,4′-Dicarboxy)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin 1716 O

[(R)-((4,4′-Dicarboxy)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- cyclosporin-dipotassium salt 1717 O

[(R)-((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-4-ethoxycarbonybutoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1718 O

[(R)-((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-4-ethoxycarbonybutoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1719 CH₂ —NO₂ [(R)-2-Nitroethyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1720 CH₂ —NH₂ [(R)-2-Aminoethyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1721 CH₂ —N(CH₃)₂ [(R)-2-(N,N-Dimethylamino)ethyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1722 CH₂ —N(CH2CH₃)₂ [(R)-2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1723 CH₂ —CH₂N(CH₃)₂ [(R)-2-(N,N-Dimethylamino)propyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1724 CH₂ —(COOEt)₂ [(R)-2,2-Di(ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl)-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1725 CH₂ —(CH₂OH)₂ [(R)-2,2-Di(hydroxylmethyl)ethyl)-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4-cyclosporin

TABLE 6

Ex. No. W R_(a) Name 1726 S

[(S)-(Carboxymethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1727 S

[(S)-(Carboxymethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-potassium salt 1728 S

[(S)-(Carboxymethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-sodium salt 1729 S

[(S)-(Ethoxycarbonylmethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1730 S

[(S)-(2-Hydroxyethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1731 S

[(S)-(2-Hydroxy-2-methylpropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1732 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Isobutylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1733 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Isobutyl-N-methylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1734 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Neopentylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1735 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Methyl-N-neopentylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1736 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1737 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Piperidinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1738 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Morpholino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1739 S

[(S)-(2-(N-Thiomorpholino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- allyloxy)-NMeLeul-4-cyclosporin 1740 S

[(S)-(3-Hydroxypropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1741 S

[(S)-(3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1742 S

[(S)-(3-(N,N-Dimethylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1743 S

[(S)-(3-(N,N-Diethylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1744 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Isobutylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1745 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Isobutyl-N-methylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1746 S

[(S)-(3-(N,N-Diisobutylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1747 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Neopentylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1748 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Methyl-N-neopentylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]- 3-[(γ-allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1749 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1750 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Piperidinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1751 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Morpholino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1752 S

[(S)-(3-(N-Thiomorpholino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1753 S

[(S)-(3-Carboxypropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1754 S

[(S)-(3-Carboxypropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-potassium salt 1755 S

[(S)-(3-Carboxypropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-sodium salt 1756 S

[(S)-(3-Ethoxycarbonylpropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1757 S

[(S)-(4-Hydroxybutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1758 S

[(S)-(4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1759 S

[(S)-(4-(N,N-Dimethylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1760 S

[(S)-(4-(N,N-Diethylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1761 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Isobutylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1762 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Isobutyl-N-methylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1763 S

[(S)-(4-(N,N-Diisobutylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1764 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Neopentylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1765 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Methyl-N-Neopentylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]- 3-[(γ-allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1766 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1767 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Piperidinyl)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1768 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Morpholino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1769 S

[(S)-(4-(N-Thiomorpholino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1770 S

[(S)-(4-Carboxypentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1771 S

[(S)-(4-Carboxypentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-potassium salt 1772 S

[(S)-(4-Carboxypentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-sodium salt 1773 S

[(S)-(4-Ethoxycarbonylpentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1774 S

[(S)-((4,4′-Dicarboxy)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1775 S

[(S)-((4,4′-Dicarboxy)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-dipotassium salt 1776 S

[(S)-((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-4-ethoxycarbonybutylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1777 S

[(S)-((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-4-ethoxycarbonybutylthio)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1778 O

[(R)-(Carboxymethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)-NMeLeu]- 4-cyclosporin 1779 O

[(R)-(Carboxymethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)-NMeLeu]- 4-cyclosporin-potassium salt 1780 O

[(R)-(Carboxymethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)-NMeLeu]- 4-cyclosporin-sodium salt 1781 O

[(R)-((Ethoxycarbonyl)methoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1782 O

[(R)-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1783 O

[(R)-(2-Hydroxy-2-methylpropoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1784 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Isobutylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1785 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Isobutyl-N-methylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1786 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Neopentylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1787 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Methyl-N-neopentylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1788 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1789 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Piperidinyl)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1790 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Morpholino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1791 O

[(R)-(2-(N-Thiomorpholino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1792 O

[(R)-(3-Hydroxypropoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1793 O

[(R)-(3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1794 O

[(R)-(3-(N,N-Dimethylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1795 O

[(R)-(3-(N,N-Diethylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1796 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Isobutylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1797 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Isobutyl-N-methylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1798 O

[(R)-(3-(N,N-Diisobutylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1799 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Neopentylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1800 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Methyl-N-neopentylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1801 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1802 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Piperidinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1803 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Morpholino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1804 O

[(R)-(3-(N-Thiomorpholino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1805 O

[(R)-(3-Carboxypropoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1806 O

[(R)-(3-Carboxypropoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-potassium salt 1807 O

[(R)-(3-Carboxypropoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-sodium salt 1808 O

[(R)-(3-(Ethoxycarbonyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1809 O

[(R)-(4-Hydroxybutoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1810 O

[(R)-(4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1811 O

[(R)-(4-(N,N-Dimethylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1812 O

[(R)-(4-(N,N-Diethylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1813 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Isobutylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1814 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Isobutyl-N-methylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1815 O

[(R)-(4-(N,N-Diisobutylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1816 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Neopentylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1817 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Methyl-N-neopentylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3- [(γ-allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1818 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1819 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Piperidinyl)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1820 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Morpholino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1821 O

[(R)-(4-(N-Thiomorpholino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1822 O

[(R)-(4-Carboxypentyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1823 O

[(R)-(4-Carboxypentyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-potassium salt 1824 O

[(R)-(4-Carboxypentyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-sodium salt 1825 O

[(R)-(4-Ethoxycarbonylpentyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1826 O

[(R)-((4,4′-Dicarboxy)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1827 O

[(R)-((4,4′-Dicarboxy)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-dipotassium salt 1828 O

[(R)-((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-4-ethoxycarbonybutoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1829 O

[(R)-((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-4-ethoxycarbonybutoxy)methyl- Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1830 CH₂ —NO₂ [(R)-2-Nitroethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1831 CH₂ —NH₂ [(R)-2-Aminoethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)-NMeLeu]-4- cyclosporin 1832 CH₂ —N(CH₃)₂ [(R)-2-(N,N-Dimethylamino)ethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1833 CH₂ —N(CH2CH₃)₂ [(R)-2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1834 CH₂ —CH₂N(CH₃)₂ [(R)-2-(N,N-Dimethylamino)propyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1835 CH₂ —(COOEt)₂ [(R)-2,2-Di(ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl)-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 1836 CH₂ —(CH₂OH)₂ [(R)-2,2-Di(hydroxylmethyl)ethyl)-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)- NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

Example 1837 Stability Testing of [(R)-3-(N,N-Dimethylamino)ethylthio-Sar]-3-[(γ-Hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (SCY-635) and Cyclosporin Derivatives

Stability of Cyclosporin derivatives was evaluated in methanol at 65° C. and 50° C., and HPLC was used to monitor possible isomerization of these compounds. It was found that SCY-635 is not stable and can easily convert to its corresponding epimer, which is expected to have low or no anti-viral activity.

Epimerization of SCY-635* in MeOH at 65° C.

SCY-635's epimer % Epimerization 2 hours 4 hours 6 hours 8 hours 10 hours SCY-635 ⇄ SCY-635's epimer 24% 35% 39% 41% 43% *SCY-635 was prepared according to a method described by: Evans M, et al., 2003, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 4, 4415-4419; Carry J, et al., 2004, Synlett. 2, 316-320; or U.S. Pat. No. 5,994,299 (each of which is incorporated herein by reference).

Epimerization of SCY-635's epimer* in MeOH at 65° C. SCY-635 % Epimerization 3 hours 6 hours 10 hours SCY-635's epimer 

 SCY-635 51% 58% 58% *During the stability study, it was found that SCY-635 transformed into its epimer, which was separated as a pure compound. HPLC RT: 14.60 minutes (SCY-635) and: 15.01 minutes (its epimer) (C8 reverse phase column, 250 mm, acetonitrile/0.077% NH₄OAc in water, operation temperature: 64° C.; Detector: 210 nm).

When the epimer was treated with MeOH at 65° C., it also was found that it partially transformed to SCY-635. At the endpoint of the equilibrium, this solution contained about 58% of SCY-635 and about 42% of epimer.

TABLE 7 Epimerization of [(R)-2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylthio-Sar]-3-cyclosporin in MeOH at 65° C. Epimerization % Compound 2 hours 4 hours 6 hours  

~12% ~19% ~23%

TABLE 8 Epimerization of [(R)-3-(N-Morpholino)propylthio-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin in MeOH at 65° C. Epimerization % in MeOH at 65° C. Compound 2 hours 4 hours 6 hours 8 hours 10 hours

0% 0% 0% Less than 1% ~10%

TABLE 9 Epimerization of [(R)-3-(N-Morpholino)propylthio-Sar]-3-[(γ-Methoxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin in MeOH at 65° C. Epimerization % in MeOH at 65° C. Compound 2 hours 4 hours 10 hours 22 hours 30 hours 38 hours

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

TABLE 10 Epimerization of Cyclosporin Derivatives in MeOH at 50° C. Epimerization % Compounds 29 hours 77 hours 125 hours

~26%  ~32%  ~35% 

0% Less than 1% ~12% 

0% 0% 0%

0% 0% 0%

0% 0% 0%

~4%  ~10%  ~16% 

0% 0% 0%

0% 0% 0%

0% 0% 0%

0% 0% 0%

TABLE 11 Epimerization of Cyclosporin Derivatives in MeOH at 50° C.-58° C. Epimerization % after Compound 168 hours

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

Based on the isomerization data, the inventors suggest that the epimerization of SCY-635 occurs through the following reaction mechanism:

Thus, the two carbon side chain at position 3 of the sarcosine of cyclosporine contributes to the instability, because it can form a six-membered ring transition state, and stimulate the epimerization. Additionally, the epimerization is accelerated by the γ-hydroxyl group at the 4-position of leucine.

Accordingly, the inventors envisioned novel cyclosporine derivatives having enhanced stability while maintaining good cyclophilin binding activity. In particular, the inventors have surprisingly found that the masking the γ-hydroxyl group on leucine at position 4, elongating side carbon chain (e.g., with 3 carbons or higher), and/or substituting the amine terminal at position 3 with a bulky side chain can prevent or minimize the epimerization. Specially, when the methylene substituents are introduced on position-3, those analogs are very stable, and can prevent the epimerization.

Example 1838 Anti HCV Activity of Cyclosporin Derivatives

Anti-HCV activity of cyclosporine derivatives were evaluated in the HCV subgenomic replicon assay. The assay use the cell line ET (luc-ubi-neo/ET), which is a Huh7 human hepatoma cell line harboring an HCV replicon with a stable luciferase (Luc) reporter. HCV RNA replication was assessed by quantifying HCV replicon-derived luciferase activity. The antiviral activity of cyclosporine analogs were evaluated after drug treatment to derive EC₅₀ and EC₉₀ values by using the luciferase end point (Krieger, N., et al., 2001, J. Virol. 75, 4614-4624; Pietschmann, T., et al., 2002, J. Virol. 76, 4008-4021; each of which is incorporated herein by reference). Cytotoxicity was assessed in parallel.

TABLE 12 Testing results of certain representative compounds Antiviral activity Compound EC₅₀ (μM) Cyclosporine A 0.41 [N-MeIle]-4-cyclosporin (SDZ-NIM-811) 0.15 [N-MeVal]-4-cyclosporin (SDZ 220-384) 0.17 (R)-2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethylthio-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 0.04 (S)-2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethylthio-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 1.87 (R)-2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethylthio-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 0.04 (S)-2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethylthio-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 3.66 (R)-2-(N,N-Dimethylamino)ethylthio-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 0.13 (R)-2-(N-neo-Pentylamino)ethylthio-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 0.23 (S)-2-(N-neo-Pentylamino)ethylthio-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 3.09 (R)-2-(N-iso-Butyl-N-iso-propylamino)ethylthio-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 0.48 (S)-2-(N-iso-Butyl-N-iso-propylamino)ethylthio-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 4.65 (R)-2-(N-Diethylamino)ethylthio-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 0.16 [(R)-2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethylthio-Sar]-3-[(γ-Methylthio)methoxy- 0.11 NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

TABLE 13 Testing results of certain representative compounds Antiviral activity Compound EC₅₀ (μM) [N-MeVal]-4-cyclosporin (SDZ 220-384) 0.12 (R)-2-(N,N-Dimethylamino)ethylthio-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- 0.08 cyclosporin (SCY-635) [(R)-3-(N-Morpholino)propylthio-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- 0.05 cyclosporin [(R)-3-(N-Morpholino)propylthio-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- 0.15 dihydrocyclosporin [(R)-3-(N-Morpholino)propylthio-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- 0.06 cyclosporin (R)-3-(N,N-Diethylamino)propylthio-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- 0.07 cyclosporin [(R)-(3-(N-Morpholino)propylthio-Sar]-3-[(γ-ethoxy)methoxy-N- 0.16 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(R)-2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethylthio-Sar]-3-[(γ-methylthio)methoxy-N- 0.13 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(R)-(3-(N-Morpholino)propylthio-Sar]-3-[(γ-methylthio)methoxy-N- 0.16 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(R)-(3-(N-Morpholino)propylthio-Sar]-3-[(γ-benzyloxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- 0.28 cyclosporin [(R)-3-(N-Morpholino)propylthio-Sar]-3-[(γ-(4-Methoxy)-benzyloxy)-N- 0.28 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(R)-3-(N-Morpholino)propylthio-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- 0.15 cyclosporin [(S)-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- 0.03 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (isomer B) [(R)-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-Hydroxy)-N- 2.12 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (isomer A) [(γ-Methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin 0.18 [(γ-Methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-dihydrocyclosporin 0.35 [(γ-Methylthio)methoxy-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclospori 0.40 [γ-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-dihydrocyclosporin 0.43 [N-MeSer]-4-cyclosporin 0.56

TABLE 14 Testing results of certain representative compounds Antiviral activity Compound EC₅₀ (μM) [(S)-(2-(N,N-Dimethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[γ-(Hydroxy)-N- 0.05 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (isomer B) [(R)-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[γ-(Hydroxy)-N- 2.12 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (isomer A) [(S)-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- 0.03 NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (isomer B) [(S)-(2-(N-Morpholino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]- 0.02 4-cyclosporin [(S)-(2-(N-Piperidinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4- 0.04 cyclosporin [(S)-(2-(4-Methyl-N-piperazinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- 0.03 NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(S)-(3-(N-Morpholino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]- 0.02 4-cyclosporin [(S)-(3-(N,N-Dimethylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- 0.05 NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(S)-(3-(N,N-Diethylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- 0.03 NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(S)-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- 0.05 NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(S)-(2-(N-Isopropyl-N-methylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- 0.04 hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(R)-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)- 0.02 NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(R)-(3-(N-Morpholino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4- 0.04 cyclosporin [(S)-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- 0.02 Methylthio)methoxy-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(S)-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-Ethoxy)methoxy- 0.02 NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(R)-(3-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]- 0.12 4-cyclosporin

TABLE 15 Testing results of certain representative compounds Antiviral activity Compound EC₅₀ (μM) [N-MeIle]-4-cyclosporin (SDZ-NIM-811) 0.14 [N-MeVal]-4-cyclosporin (SDZ 220-384) 0.14 [(R)-2-(N,N-Dimethylamino)ethylthio-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- 0.12 cyclosporin (SCY-635) [D-N-MeAla]-3-[N-EtVal]-4-cyclosporin (Debio-025) 0.07 [(S)-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- 0.09 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (isomer B) (S)-(2-(N,N-Dimethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[γ-(Hydroxy)-N- 0.13 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (isomer B) [(S)-(2-(N-Morpholino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]- 0.06 4-cyclosporin [(S)-(3-(N-Piperidinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]- 0.05 4-cyclosporin [(S)-(2-(N-Piperidino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- 0.08 cyclosporin [(S)-(2-(4-Methylpiperazino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- 0.09 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(S)-(2-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]- 0.11 4-cyclosporin [(S)-(3-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- 0.10 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(S)-(3-(N-Morpholino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- 0.05 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(S)-(3-(4-Methyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- 0.09 N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(S)-(3-(N,N-Dimethylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- 0.11 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(S)-(3-(N,N-Diethylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- 0.08 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(S)-(3-(N-Ethyl-N-isopropylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- 0.06 hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(S)-(2-(N-Ethyl-N-isopropylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- 0.07 hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(R)-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- 0.12 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(S)-(2-(N-Methyl-N-iso-propylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- 0.10 hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(S)-(2-(N-Isopropylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- 0.19 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(S)-(2-(N,N-Diisobutylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- 0.12 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(S)-(2-(N-Neopentylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- 0.06 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(S)-(2-(N-Ethyl-N-neopentylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- 0.06 hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(S)-(2-(N-Methyl-N-neopentylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- 0.07 hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(R)-(Ethoxycarbonylmethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 0.18 [(R)-(3-(N,N-Diethylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 0.12 [(R)-(3-(N,N-Dimethylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 0.13 [(R)-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- 0.06 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(R)-(3-(N-Morpholino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]- 0.09 4-cyclosporin [(R)-3-(N,N-Diethylamino)propylthio-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4-cyclosporin 0.08 [(R)-(3-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]- 0.22 4-cyclosporin [(R)-3-(N,N-Diethylamino)propylthio-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 0.07 [(R)-(3-(N-Morpholino)propylthio-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4-cyclosporin 0.11 [(S)-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeVal]-4- 0.14 cyclosporin [(S)-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- 0.10 cyclosporin [(R)-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[N-MeIle]-4- 0.16 cyclosporin [(R)-(3-(N-Piperidinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- 0.15 cyclosporin [(R)-(2-(N,N-Dimethylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin 0.15 [(S)-(2-(N,N-Dimethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin (isomer B) 0.17 [(S)-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin (isomer B) 0.16 [(R)-(2-(N-Piperidinyl)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- 0.14 cyclosporin [(R)-(2-(N-Pyrrolidino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- 0.20 cyclosporin [(S)-(2-(N,N-Dimethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- 0.10 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(S)-(3-(N,N-Dimethylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- 0.09 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(S)-(3-(N,N-Diethylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- 0.07 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(S)-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- 0.09 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(S)-(2-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]- 0.09 4-cyclosporin [(S)-(2-(N-Morpholino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]- 0.11 4-cyclosporin [(R)-(2-(N,N-Dimethylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- 0.15 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(S)-(3-(N-Morpholino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- 0.10 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(R)-(3-(N,N-Diethylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- 0.18 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(S)-(3-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- 0.10 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(S)-[(3-(N-piperidino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- 0.06 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(R)-(2-(N,N-Dimethylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- 0.24 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(R)-(3-(N,N-Dimethylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- 0.26 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(R)-(3-(N,N-Diethylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N- 0.10 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporine [(R)-(2-(N-Morpholino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- 0.15 cyclosporin

TABLE 16 Testing results of certain representative compounds Antiviral activity Compound EC₅₀ (μM) [(R)-2-(N,N-Dimethylamino)ethylthio-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- 0.11 cyclosporin (SCY-635) [D-N-MeAla]-3-[N-EtVal]-4-cyclosporin (Debio-025) 0.05 [(S)-(2-(N-Neopentylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- 0.05 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(S)-(2-(4-Ethyl-N-piperazinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- 0.06 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(S)-(3-(N,N-Diisobutylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- 0.04 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(S)-(3-(N-Neopentylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- 0.05 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(S)-(3-(N-Morpholino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- 0.04 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(S)-(3-(N-Thiomorpholino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- 0.05 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(S)-(3-(4-Methyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)- 0.04 N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(S)-(3-(4-Ethyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- 0.05 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(S)-(3-(4-N-n-Propyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- 0.05 hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(S)-(3-(4-N-Isopropyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- 0.05 hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(S)-(3-(4-N-Isobutyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- 0.05 hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(S)-(3-(4-N-Neopentyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ- 0.06 hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(S)-(4-(N,N-Diethylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- 0.07 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(S)-(4-(N,N-Diisobutylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- 0.04 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(S)-(4-(N-Neopentylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- 0.04 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(S)-(4-hydroxylbutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4- 0.02 cyclosporin [(S)-(4-(2-(Diethylamino)ethoxy)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N- 0.05 MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

Example 1839 Anti HIV Activity of Cyclosporin Derivatives

Anti-HIV activity of cyclosporine derivatives were evaluated by cytoprotection assay in an acute infection model using CEM-SS cells and either HIV-1_(IIIB) or HIV-1 RF. Antiviral activity was determined as a reduction in virus-caused cytopathic effects when compounds prevent virus replication. Cytoprotection and compound cytotoxicity were evaluated using the tetrazollium dye MTS (Promega) to calculate cell viability following virus infection after 6-day incubation (Zhou G., et al., 2011, J. Med. Chem. 27, 7220-31; which is incorporated herein by reference).

TABLE 17 Testing results of certain representative compounds against HIV-1IIIB in CEM-SS cells (MTS Endpoint) Antiviral activity Compound EC₅₀ (nM) AZT 9.0 [(S)-(2-(N,N-Dimethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]- 118.0 3-[(γ-Hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin (isomer B) [(S)-(2-(N-Morpholino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]- 94.9 3-[(γ-hydroxy)-NMeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

Examples 1840 Inhibition of Mitochondrial Permeability Transition (MPT)

The effect of cyclosporine analogs on mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) was determined by a modified mitochondrial swelling assay measured as an influx of Ca²⁺, published by J. Blattner et al., 2001, Analytical Biochem, 295, 220-226. Briefly, rat neuronal mitochondria in an ice-cold sucrose buffer were obtained after rat whole-body perfusion and a series of centrifugation. The total protein concentration in each sample batch was determined for standardization between assays. The mitochondrial swelling was induced by 100 micromolar of Calcium Chloride. Each compound (100 nM) was added to mitochondria 5 minutes before the addition of Ca.²⁺. The value of absorbance at the certain wavelength (620 nm) reflected the degree of mitochondrial swelling. The percentage of the swelling was calculated by comparing the absorbance in the present or absent compound of the interests.

TABLE 18 Inhibition of Mitochondrial Swelling Mitochondrial Compounds Swelling Relative % Control 100 Cyclosporin A 68.7 [(R)-2-(N-Diethylamino)ethylthio-Sar]- 52.4 3-[(γ-methylthio)methoxy-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(S)-(2-(N-Diethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]- 55.7 3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin

In above assay, the results in mitochondrial swelling strongly indicate that cyclosporine analogs can penetrate the mitochondrial membrane and inhibit mitochondrial swelling. 

We claim:
 1. A compound of Formula (I):

or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R₈ is n-butyl, (E)-but-2-enyl, or

—(CH₂)₄—SR₉, —(CH₂)₄—(C═O)OR₉, or —(CH₂)₃—(C═O)OR₉; each occurrence of R₉ is independently hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)alkyl; R₂ is ethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, isopropyl or n-propyl; W is O, S, CH₂, or NR₁; R₁ is hydrogen; (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D) which may be the same or different; (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl; (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (C₁-C₆)alkyl; phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino, alkylamino and dialkylamino; or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen; or R₁ and R₃ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or different selected from the group consisting of (C₁-C₆)alkyl, phenyl and benzyl; R₃ is: H; (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R₄ which may be the same or different; (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino; (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, optionally substituted by one or one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino; (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino; phenyl or CH₂-phenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl; R₇ is

R₅ is: H; (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R₆ which may be the same or different; (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)OH, O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, optionally substituted by one or one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino; (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino; phenyl or CH₂-phenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); each occurrence of R₄ is independently halogen, hydroxy, aryl (e.g., phenyl), O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), C(═O)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, C(═O)OR_(A), C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), —NR_(A)R_(B), —NR_(C)CH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), NR_(C)[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)NR_(A)R_(B), O[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)O]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)OR_(A), OCH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), or O[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)O]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)NR_(A)R_(B); each occurrence of R₆ is independently halogen, hydroxy, aryl (e.g., phenyl), S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, SR_(A), OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), C(═O)OR_(A), C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), or NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), wherein said aryl or phenyl is optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B) and (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); each occurrence of R_(A) and R_(B) is independently: hydrogen; (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D) which may be the same or different; (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl; (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (C₁-C₆)alkyl; phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino, alkylamino and dialkylamino; or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen; or R_(A) and R_(B), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or different selected from the group consisting of alkyl, phenyl and benzyl; each occurrence of R_(C) is independently hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)alkyl; p is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and m is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4 or
 5. 2. A compound of Formula (I):

or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R₈ is n-butyl, (E)-but-2-enyl, or

—(CH₂)₄—SR₉, —(CH₂)₄—(C═O)OR₉, or —(CH₂)₃—(C═O)OR₉; each occurrence of R₉ is independently hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)alkyl; R₂ is ethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, isopropyl or n-propyl; W is O, S, CH₂, or NR₁; R₁ is hydrogen; (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D) which may be the same or different; (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl; (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (C₁-C₆)alkyl; phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino, alkylamino and dialkylamino; or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen; or R₁ and R₃ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or different selected from the group consisting of (C₁-C₆)alkyl, phenyl and benzyl; R₃ is: H; (C₇-C₁₂)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R₄ which may be the same or different; (C₇-C₁₂)alkenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino; or (C₇-C₁₂)alkynyl, optionally substituted by one or one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino; R₇ is

R₅ is: H; (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R₆ which may be the same or different; (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)OH, O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, optionally substituted by one or one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino; (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino; phenyl or CH₂-phenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); each occurrence of R₄ is independently halogen, hydroxy, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), C(═O)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, C(═O)OR_(A), C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), —NR_(A)R_(B), —NR_(C)CH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), NR_(C)[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)NR_(A)R_(B), O[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)O]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)OR_(A), OCH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), or O[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)O]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)NR_(A)R_(B); each occurrence of R₆ is independently halogen, hydroxy, aryl (e.g., phenyl), S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, SR_(A), OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), C(═O)OR_(A), C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), or NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), wherein said aryl or phenyl is optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B) and (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); each occurrence of R_(A) and R_(B) is independently: hydrogen; (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D) which may be the same or different; (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl; (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (C₁-C₆)alkyl; phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino, alkylamino and dialkylamino; or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen; or R_(A) and R_(B), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or different selected from the group consisting of alkyl, phenyl and benzyl; each occurrence of R_(R) is independently hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)alkyl; p is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and m is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4 or
 5. 3. The compound of claim 1 or 2, wherein R₈ is n-butyl.
 4. The compound of claim 1 or 2, wherein R₈ is (E)-but-2-enyl.
 5. The compound of any one of claims 1-4, wherein R₂ is ethyl.
 6. A compound of claim 1, having the structure of Formulae (II) through (V):

or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

represents a single bond or double bond; each W is independently O, S, CH₂, or NR₁; each R₁ is independently hydrogen; (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D) which may be the same or different; (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl; (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (C₁-C₆)alkyl; phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino, alkylamino and dialkylamino; or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen; or R₁ and R₃ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or different selected from the group consisting of (C₁-C₆)alkyl, phenyl and benzyl; each R₃ is independently: H; (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R₄ which may be the same or different; (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(m)OH, (CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, (CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, optionally substituted by one or one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino; (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino; phenyl or CH₂-phenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl; each R₅ is independently: H; (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R₆ which may be the same or different; (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(m)OH, (CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, (CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, optionally substituted by one or one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino; (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino; phenyl or CH₂-phenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); each occurrence of R₄ is independently halogen, hydroxy, aryl (e.g., phenyl), O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), C(═O)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, C(═O)OR_(A), C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), —NR_(A)R_(B), —NR_(C)CH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), NR_(C)[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)NR_(A)R_(B), O[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)O]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)OR_(A), OCH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), or O[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)O]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)NR_(A)R_(B); each occurrence of R₆ is independently halogen, hydroxy, aryl (e.g., phenyl), S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, SR_(A), OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), C(═O)OR_(A), C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), or NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), wherein said aryl or phenyl is optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B) and (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); each occurrence of R_(A) and R_(B) is independently: hydrogen; (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D) which may be the same or different; (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl; (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (C₁-C₆)alkyl; phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino, alkylamino and dialkylamino; or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen; or R_(A) and R_(B), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or different selected from the group consisting of alkyl, phenyl and benzyl; or R_(A) and R_(B), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form —N═CH—NR_(F)R_(F′), —N═CMe-NR_(F)R_(F′), or —NR_(F)C(═NH)NR_(F)R_(F′); each occurrence of R_(C) is independently hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)alkyl; each occurrence of R_(D) is independently halogen, hydroxy, O(C₁-C₄)alkyl, C(═O)(C₁-C₄)alkyl, C(═O)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl; each occurrence of R_(F) and R_(F′) is independently hydrogen, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, phenyl, benzyl, or R_(F) and R_(F′), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or different selected from the group consisting of alkyl, phenyl and benzyl; p is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; m is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; and n is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or
 6. 7. A compound of claim 2, having the structure of Formulae (II) through (V):

or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

represents a single bond or double bond; each W is independently O, S, CH₂, or NR₁; each R₁ is independently hydrogen; (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D) which may be the same or different; (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl; (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (C₁-C₆)alkyl; phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino, alkylamino and dialkylamino; or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen; or R₁ and R₃ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or different selected from the group consisting of (C₁-C₆)alkyl, phenyl and benzyl; each R₃ is independently: H; (C₇-C₁₂)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R₄ which may be the same or different; (C₇-C₁₂)alkenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(m)OH, (CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, (CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); (C₇-C₁₂)alkynyl, optionally substituted by one or one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino; each R₅ is independently: H; (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R₆ which may be the same or different; (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(m)OH, (CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, (CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, optionally substituted by one or one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino; (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino; phenyl or CH₂-phenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); each occurrence of R₄ is independently halogen, hydroxy, aryl (e.g., phenyl), O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), C(═O)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, C(═O)OR_(A), C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), —NR_(A)R_(B), —NR_(C)CH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), NR_(C)[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)NR_(A)R_(B), O[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)O]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)OR_(A), OCH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), or O[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)O]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)NR_(A)R_(B); each occurrence of R₆ is independently halogen, hydroxy, aryl (e.g., phenyl), S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, SR_(A), OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), C(═O)OR_(A), C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), or NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), wherein said aryl or phenyl is optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B) and (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); each occurrence of R_(A) and R_(B) is independently: hydrogen; (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D) which may be the same or different; (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl; (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (C₁-C₆)alkyl; phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino, alkylamino and dialkylamino; or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen; or R_(A) and R_(B), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or different selected from the group consisting of alkyl, phenyl and benzyl; or R_(A) and R_(B), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form —N═CH—NR_(F)R_(F′), —N═CMe-NR_(F)R_(F′), or —NR_(F)C(═NH)NR_(F)R_(F′); each occurrence of R_(C) is independently hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)alkyl; each occurrence of R_(D) is independently halogen, hydroxy, O(C₁-C₄)alkyl, C(═O)(C₁-C₄)alkyl, C(═O)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl; each occurrence of R_(F) and R_(F′) is independently hydrogen, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, phenyl, benzyl, or R_(F) and R_(F′), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or different selected from the group consisting of alkyl, phenyl and benzyl; p is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; m is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; and n is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or
 6. 8. The compound of any one of claims 1-7, wherein W is O.
 9. The compound of any one of claims 1-7, wherein W is S.
 10. The compound of any one of claims 1-7, wherein W is NR₁.
 11. The compound of any one of claims 1-7, wherein W is NH.
 12. The compound of any one of claims 1-7, wherein W is N(C₁-C₄)alkyl.
 13. The compound of any one of claims 1-12, wherein R₃ is H, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, CH₂CMe₃, phenyl, CH₂-phenyl,


14. The compound of any one of claims 1-12, wherein R₃ is —(CH₂)_(n)NR_(A)R_(B), wherein n is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, or an integer of 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12; and wherein each occurrence of R_(A) and R_(B) is independently hydrogen; (C₁-C₄)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D) which may be the same or different, in which each occurrence of R_(D) is independently halogen, hydroxy, O(C₁-C₄)alkyl, C(═O)(C₁-C₄)alkyl, C(═O)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl; or R_(A) and R_(B), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or different selected from (C₁-C₄)alkyl, phenyl and benzyl.
 15. The compound of any one of claims 1-12, wherein R₃ is —(CH₂)_(n)NR_(A)R_(B), wherein n is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, or an integer of 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12; and wherein R_(A) and R_(B), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may optionally contain another heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or different selected from (C₁-C₄)alkyl, phenyl and benzyl.
 16. The compound of any one of claims 1-12, wherein R₃ is 2-aminoethyl, 2-aminobutyl, 3-aminobutyl, 2-monoalkylaminoethyl, 2-monoalkylaminobutyl, 3-monoalkylaminobutyl, 2-dialkylaminoethyl, 2-dialkylaminobutyl, or 3-dialkylaminobutyl, wherein said alkyl is (C₁-C₄)alkyl.
 17. The compound of any one of claims 1-12, wherein R₃ is dimethylaminoethyl, diethylaminoethyl, methylethylaminoethyl, methyl-iso-butylaminoethyl, ethyl-iso-butylaminoethyl, methyl-tert-butylaminoethyl, or ethyl-tert-butylaminoethyl.
 18. The compound of any one of claims 1-12, wherein R₃ is:

in which n is an integer of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12, and m is an integer of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or
 12. 19. The compound of any one of claims 1-18, wherein R₅ is H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, phenyl, benzyl, CH₂—S—(C₁-C₆)alky, CH₂—O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)OR_(A), (C₁-C₆)-monoalkyl amine, (C₁-C₆)-dialkyl amine, or (C₁-C₆)-cyclic amine, in which said phenyl or benzyl is optionally substituted by one to three substitutents selected from (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, and halogen; and R_(A) is H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, phenyl, CH₂-phenyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylOH, (CH₂)_(p)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, (CH₂)_(p)O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, (C₁-C₆)alkylO(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (CH₂)_(p)O(CH₂)_(m)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl, or (CH₂)_(p)O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl; p is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and m is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4 or
 5. 20. The compound of any one of claims 1-18, wherein each occurrence R_(A) and R_(B) is independently H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, phenyl, CH₂-phenyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylOH, (CH₂)_(p)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, or (CH₂)_(p)O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, (C₁-C₆)alkylO(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (CH₂)_(p)O(CH₂)_(m)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl, or (CH₂)_(p)O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl.
 21. The compound of any one of claims 1-19, wherein R_(A) and R_(B), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a heterocycle selected from

in which R_(C) is H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, CH₂CMe₃, Ph, CH₂Ph, CH₂CH₂OH, or CH₂CH₂O(C₁-C₄)alkyl.
 22. The compound of any one of claims 5-21, wherein

represents a single bond.
 23. The compound of any one of claims 5-21, wherein

represents a double bond.
 24. A compound of claim 1 or 2, having structure of Formulae (IIa)-(VIa):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

represents a single bond or double bond; each W is independently O, S, or NR₁; each R₁ is independently hydrogen; (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D) which may be the same or different; (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl; (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (C₁-C₆)alkyl; phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino, alkylamino and dialkylamino; or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen; each R₅ is independently: H; (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R₆ which may be the same or different; (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)OH, O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, optionally substituted by one or one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino; (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino; phenyl or CH₂-phenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); each occurrence of R₆ is independently halogen, hydroxy, aryl (e.g., phenyl), S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, SR_(A), OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), C(═O)OR_(A), C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), or NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), wherein said aryl or phenyl is optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B) and (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); each occurrence of R_(A) and R_(B) is independently: hydrogen; (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D) which may be the same or different; (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl; (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (C₁-C₆)alkyl; phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino, alkylamino and dialkylamino; or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen; or R_(A) and R_(B), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or different selected from the group consisting of alkyl, phenyl and benzyl; each occurrence of R_(C) is independently hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)alkyl; each occurrence of R_(D) is independently halogen, hydroxy, O(C₁-C₄)alkyl, C(═O)(C₁-C₄)alkyl, C(═O)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl; each p is independently an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and each of m, n and q is independently an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, or q is independently an integer of 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or
 11. 25. A compound of claim 1, having structure of Formulae (IIb)-(VIb):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

represents a single bond or double bond; each R₁ is independently hydrogen; (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D) which may be the same or different; (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl; (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (C₁-C₆)alkyl; phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino, alkylamino and dialkylamino; or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen; or R₁ and R₃ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or different selected from the group consisting of (C₁-C₆)alkyl, phenyl and benzyl; each R₃ is independently: H; (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R₄ which may be the same or different; (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(m)OH, (CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, (CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, optionally substituted by one or one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino; (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino; phenyl or CH₂-phenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl; each R₅ is independently: H; (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R₆ which may be the same or different; (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)OH, O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, optionally substituted by one or one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino; (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino; phenyl or CH₂-phenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); each occurrence of R₄ is independently halogen, hydroxy, aryl (e.g., phenyl), O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), C(═O)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, C(═O)OR_(A), C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), —NR_(A)R_(B), —NR_(C)CH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), NR_(C)[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)NR_(A)R_(B), O[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)O]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)OR_(A), OCH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), or O[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)O]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)NR_(A)R_(B); each occurrence of R₆ is independently halogen, hydroxy, aryl (e.g., phenyl), S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, SR_(A), OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), C(═O)OR_(A), C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), or NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), wherein said aryl or phenyl is optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B) and (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); each occurrence of R_(A) and R_(B) is independently: hydrogen; (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D) which may be the same or different; (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl; (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (C₁-C₆)alkyl; phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino, alkylamino and dialkylamino; or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen; or R_(A) and R_(B), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or different selected from the group consisting of alkyl, phenyl and benzyl; each occurrence of R_(C) is independently hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)alkyl; each occurrence of R_(D) is independently halogen, hydroxy, O(C₁-C₄)alkyl, C(═O)(C₁-C₄)alkyl, C(═O)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl; each p is independently an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and each of m, n and q is independently an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4 or
 5. 26. A compound of claim 2, having structure of Formulae (IIb)-(VIb):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

represents a single bond or double bond; each R₁ is independently hydrogen; (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D) which may be the same or different; (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl; (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (C₁-C₆)alkyl; phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino, alkylamino and dialkylamino; or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen; or R₁ and R₃ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or different selected from the group consisting of (C₁-C₆)alkyl, phenyl and benzyl; each R₃ is independently: H; (C₇-C₁₂)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R₄ which may be the same or different; (C₇-C₁₂)alkenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(m)OH, (CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, (CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); (C₇-C₁₂)alkynyl, optionally substituted by one or one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino; each R₅ is independently: H; (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R₆ which may be the same or different; (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)OH, O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, optionally substituted by one or one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino; (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino; phenyl or CH₂-phenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); each occurrence of R₄ is independently halogen, hydroxy, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), C(═O)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, C(═O)OR_(A), C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), —NR_(A)R_(B), —NR_(C)CH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), NR_(C)[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)NR_(A)R_(B), O[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)O]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)OR_(A), OCH₂(CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), or O[CH₂(CH₂)_(p)O]_(m)CH₂(CH₂)_(n)NR_(A)R_(B); each occurrence of R₆ is independently halogen, hydroxy, aryl (e.g., phenyl), S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, SR_(A), OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), C(═O)OR_(A), C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), or NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), wherein said aryl or phenyl is optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B) and (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); each occurrence of R_(A) and R_(B) is independently: hydrogen; (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D) which may be the same or different; (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl; (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (C₁-C₆)alkyl; phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino, alkylamino and dialkylamino; or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen; or R_(A) and R_(B), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or different selected from the group consisting of alkyl, phenyl and benzyl; each occurrence of R_(C) is independently hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)alkyl; each occurrence of R_(D) is independently halogen, hydroxy, O(C₁-C₄)alkyl, C(═O)(C₁-C₄)alkyl, C(═O)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl; each p is independently an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and each of m, n and q is independently an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4 or
 5. 27. The compound of claim 25 or 26, wherein R₁ is hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)alkyl, and R₃ is (C₁-C₆)alkyl or (C₆-C₁₂)alkyl.
 28. The compound of claim 25, wherein R₁ and R₃, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a heterocycle selected from

in which R_(C) is H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, CH₂CMe₃, Ph, CH₂Ph, CH₂CH₂OH, or CH₂CH₂O(C₁-C₄)alkyl.
 29. The compound of claim 6 or 7, wherein:

represents a single bond or double bond; each W is independently O, S, or NR₁; each R₁ is independently hydrogen; (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D) which may be the same or different; (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl; (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (C₁-C₆)alkyl; phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino, alkylamino and dialkylamino; or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen; each R₃ is independently

R₅ is: H; (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R₆ which may be the same or different; (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl), (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)OH, O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, O(CH₂)_(n)NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(n)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(n)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(n)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(n)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, optionally substituted by one or one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino; (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, monoalkylamino and dialkylamino; phenyl or CH₂-phenyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); each occurrence of R₆ is independently halogen, hydroxy, aryl (e.g., phenyl), S(C₁-C₆)alkyl, SR_(A), OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OR_(A), C(═O)OR_(A), C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B), NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), or NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(C)(CH₂)_(m)NR_(A)R_(B), wherein said aryl or phenyl is optionally substituted by one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (CH₂)_(p)OR_(A), (CH₂)_(p)NR_(A)R_(B), (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)NR_(A)R_(B) and (CH₂)_(p)C(═O)OR_(A); each occurrence of R_(A) and R_(B) is independently: hydrogen; (C₁-C₆)alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more groups R_(D) which may be the same or different; (C₂-C₆)alkenyl or (C₂-C₆)alkynyl; (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl optionally substituted with (C₁-C₆)alkyl; phenyl optionally substituted with from one to five groups which may be the same or different selected from halogen, —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino, alkylamino and dialkylamino; or a heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated containing five or six ring atoms and from one to three heteroatoms which may be the same or different selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen; or R_(A) and R_(B), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing from three to seven ring atoms, which ring may optionally contain another heteroatom selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and may be optionally substituted by from one to four groups which may be the same or different selected from the group consisting of alkyl, phenyl and benzyl; each occurrence of R_(C) is independently hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)alkyl; each occurrence of R_(D) is independently halogen, hydroxy, O(C₁-C₄)alkyl, C(═O)(C₁-C₄)alkyl, C(═O)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl; each p is independently an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and each of m, n and q is independently an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, or n is independently an integer of 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or
 11. 30. The compound of claim 24, wherein q is 1 or
 2. 31. The compound of any one of claims 24-30, wherein W is O.
 32. The compound of any one of claims 24-30, wherein W is S.
 33. The compound of any one of claims 24-30, wherein W is NH.
 34. The compound of any one of claims 24-30, wherein W is N—(C₁-C₄)alkyl.
 35. The compound of any one of claims 24-34, wherein: R₅ is H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, phenyl, benzyl, CH₂—S—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, CH₂—O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)OR_(A), (C₁-C₆)-monoalkyl amine, (C₁-C₆)-dialkyl amine, or (C₁-C₆)-cyclic amine, in which said phenyl or benzyl is optionally substituted by one to three substitutents selected from (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, and halogen; and R_(A) is H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, phenyl, CH₂-phenyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylOH, (CH₂)_(p)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, (CH₂)_(p)O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, (C₁-C₆)alkylO(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (CH₂)_(p)O(CH₂)_(m)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl, or (CH₂)_(p)O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl; p is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and m is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4 or
 5. 36. The compound of any one of claims 24-34, wherein: R₅ is H, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₂-C₄)alkenyl, phenyl, benzyl, CH₂—S—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, CH₂—O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (CH₂)₂OH, or (CH₂)₂O(C₁-C₄)alkyl.
 37. The compound of any one of claims 24-34, wherein R₅ is H.
 38. The compound of any one of claims 24-34, wherein R₅ is methyl.
 39. The compound of any one of claims 24-38, wherein each occurrence R_(A) and R_(B) is independently H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, phenyl, CH₂-phenyl, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-OH, (CH₂)_(p)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, or (CH₂)_(p)O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)OH, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (CH₂)_(p)O(CH₂)_(m)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl, or (CH₂)_(p)O(CH₂)_(m)O(CH₂)_(m)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl.
 40. The compound of any one of claims 24-38, wherein each occurrence R_(A) and R_(B) is independently H or (C₁-C₆)alkyl.
 41. The compound of any one of claims 24-38, wherein R_(A) and R_(B), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a heterocycle selected from

in which R_(C) is H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, t-Bu, CH₂CMe₃, Ph, CH₂Ph, CH₂CH₂OH, or CH₂CH₂O(C₁-C₄)alkyl.
 42. A compound selected from: [(R)-(2-(N,N-Dimethylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(R)-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(R)-(2-(N-Morpholino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(R)-(2-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(R)-(2-(N-Piperidinyl)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(N,N-Dimethylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(N,N-Diethylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(N-Morphlino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(N-Pyrrolidinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(N-Piperidinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(R)-(Carboxymethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(R)-(Carboxymethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin sodium salt, [(R)-(Carboxymethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin potassium salt, [(R)-(Methoxycarboxymethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(R)-(Carboxyethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(R)-(Carboxyethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin sodium salt, [(R)-(Carboxyethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin potassium salt, [(R)-(Methoxycarboxyethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(R)-(Carboxypropoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(R)-(Carboxypropoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin sodium salt, [(R)-(Carboxypropoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin potassium salt, [(R)-(Methoxycarboxypropoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(R)-(Carboxypentyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(R)-(Carboxypentyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin sodium salt, [(R)-(Carboxypentyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin potassium salt, [(R)-(Methoxycarboxypentyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(R)-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl)methoxy]methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(R)-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl)ethoxy]methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(R)-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl)propoxy]methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(R)-((2-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl)methoxy]ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(R)-((3-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl)methoxy]propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(R)-((4-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl)methoxy]butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(R)-((5-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl)methoxy]pentyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(R)-((6-[([HO-Gly-(D-Glu)₆]carbamoyl)methoxy]hexyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(R)-(2-(N-Neopentylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(2-(N-Neopentylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(2-(N-Methyl-N-Neopentylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(2-(N-Methyl-N-Neopentylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(2-(N-Ethyl-N-Neopentylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(2-(N-Ethyl-N-Neopentylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(N-Neopentylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(N-Neopentylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(N-Methyl-N-Neopentylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(N-Methyl-N-Neopentylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(N-Ethyl-N-Neopentylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(N-Ethyl-N-Neopentylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(4-(N-Neopentylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(4-(N-Neopentylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(4-(N-Methyl-N-Neopentylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(4-(N-Methyl-N-Neopentylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(4-(N-Ethyl-N-Neopentylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(4-(N-Ethyl-N-Neopentylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(2-(N-Neopentylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(2-(N-Neopentylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(2-(N-Methyl-N-Neopentylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(2-(N-Methyl-N-Neopentylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(2-(N-Ethyl-N-Neopentylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(2-(N-Ethyl-N-Neopentylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(N-Neopentylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(N-Neopentylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(N-Methyl-N-Neopentylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(N-Methyl-N-Neopentylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(N-Ethyl-N-Neopentylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(N-Ethyl-N-Neopentylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(4-(N-Neopentylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(4-(N-Neopentylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(4-(N-Methyl-N-Neopentylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(4-(N-Methyl-N-Neopentylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(4-(N-Ethyl-N-Neopentylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(4-(N-Ethyl-N-Neopentylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(2-(N-Morpholino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(2-(N-Morpholino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(2-(N-Thiomorpholino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(2-(N-Thiomorpholino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(N-Morpholino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(N-Morpholino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(N-Thiomorpholino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(N-Thiomorpholino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(4-(N-Morpholino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(4-(N-Morpholino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(4-(N-Thiomorpholino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(4-(N-Thiomorpholino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(2-(N-Morpholino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(2-(N-Morpholino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(2-(N-Thiomorpholino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(2-(N-Thiomorpholino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(N-Morpholino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(N-Morpholino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(N-Morpholino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(N-Thiomorpholino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(N-Thiomorpholino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(N-Thiomorpholino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(4-(N-Morpholino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(4-(N-Morpholino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(4-(N-Morpholino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(4-(N-Thiomorpholino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(4-(N-Thiomorpholino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(4-(N-Thiomorpholino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-allyloxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(2-(4-Ethyl-N-piperazinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(2-(4-Ethyl-N-piperazinyl)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(4-Methyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(4-Methyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(4-Ethyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(4-Ethyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(4-Propyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(4-Propyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(4-Propyl-N-piperazinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(4-Propyl-N-piperazinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(4-Isopropyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(4-Isopropyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(4-Isopropyl-N-piperazinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(4-Isopropyl-N-piperazinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(4-Isobutyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(4-Isobutyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(4-Isobutyl-N-piperazinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(R)-(3-(4-Isobutyl-N-piperazinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(4-Neopentyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(R)-(3-(4-Neopentyl-N-piperazinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(4-Neopentyl-N-piperazinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(4-Neopentyl-N-piperazinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(N,N-Diethylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(N,N-Diethylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(4-(N,N-Diethylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(4-(N,N-Diethylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(N,N-Diethylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(N,N-Diethylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(4-(N,N-Diethylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(4-(N,N-Diethylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(N,N-Diisobutylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(N,N-Diisobutylamino)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-Methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(4-(N,N-Diisobutylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(4-(N,N-Diisobutylamino)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(N,N-Diisobutylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(N,N-Diisobutylamino)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-Methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(4-(N,N-Diisobutylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(4-(N,N-Diisobutylamino)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(4-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethoxy)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(4-(2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethoxy)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-Hydroxylpropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-Methoxypropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-Hydroxyl-3,3-dimethylpropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-Hydroxylpropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-Methoxypropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-Hydroxyl-3,3-dimethylpropylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(4-Hydroxylbutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(4-Methoxybutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(4-Hydroxyl-4,4-dimethylbutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(4-Hydroxylbutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(4-Methoxybutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(4-Hydroxyl-4,4-dimethylbutylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(5-Hydroxylpentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(5-Methoxypentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(5-Hydroxyl-5,5-dimethylpentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(5-Hydroxylpentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(5-Methoxypentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(5-Hydroxyl-5,5-dimethylpentylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methoxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(N-Piperidinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(N-Piperidinyl)propylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methox)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(N-Piperidinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(3-(N-Piperidinyl)propoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methox)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(4-(N-Piperidinyl)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(4-(N-Piperidinyl)butylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methox)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(4-(N-Piperidinyl)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(4-(N-Piperidinyl)butoxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-methox)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(S)-(5-Carboxyheptylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(S)-(5-Carboxyheptylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin-potassium salt, [(S)-(5-(Ethoxycarbonyl)heptylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(S)-((7,7′-Dicarboxy)heptylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(S)-((7,7′-Dicarboxy)heptylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin-dipotassium salt, [(S)-((7,7′-Dicarboxy)heptylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin-disodium salt, [(S)-(7,7′-Diethoxycarbonyl)heptylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(S)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(imidazol-1-yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(S)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(imidazo-1-yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(S)-((((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-morpholinohexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(S)-((((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-morpholinohexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(S)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(S)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(4-isopropylpiperazin-1-yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7-(imidazol-1-yl)heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-(imidazo-1-yl)heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7-morpholinoheptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-morpholinoheptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(R)-(5-Carboxyheptyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(R)-(5-Carboxyheptyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin-potassium salt, [(R)-((7,7′-Dicarboxy)heptyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(R)-((7,7′-Dicarboxy)heptyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin-dipotassium salt, [(R)-(7,7′-Diethoxycarbonyl)heptyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7-(imidazol-1-yl)heptyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-(imidazo-1-yl)heptyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7-morpholinoheptyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-morpholinoheptyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)heptylcyclos)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)heptyl)oxy)methyl-Sar]-3-cyclosporin, [(S)-(7,7′-Di(carboxy)heptylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(S)-(7,7′-Di(carboxy)heptylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-dipotassium salt, [(S)-(7,7′-Di(ethoxycarbonyl)heptylthio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7-(imidazol-1-yl)heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-(imidazo-1-yl)heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7-morpholinoheptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-morpholinoheptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(S)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(S)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(S)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(imidazol-1-yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(S)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(imidazo-1-yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(S)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-morpholinohexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(S)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-morpholinohexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(S)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(S)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(4-isopropylpiperazin-1-yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(7,7′-Di(carboxy)heptyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin [(R)-(7,7′-Di(carboxy)heptyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin-dipotassium salt, [(R)-(7,7′-Di(ethoxycarbonyl)heptyloxy)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7-(imidazol-1-yl)heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-(imidazo-1-yl)heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7-morpholinoheptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-morpholinoheptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(((S)-4-Hydroxy-7-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(((R)-4-Hydroxy-7-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)heptyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(imidazol-1-yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(imidazo-1-yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-morpholinohexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-morpholinohexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, [(R)-(((R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, and [(R)-(((S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-(4-isopropylpiperazin-1-yl)hexyl)thio)methyl-Sar]-3-[(γ-hydroxy)-N-MeLeu]-4-cyclosporin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 43. A compound having the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 44. A pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound according to any one of claims 1-42 and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier or diluent.
 45. A method for treating or preventing a viral infection in a mammalian species in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the mammalian species a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound according to any one of claims 1-42.
 46. A method for treating or preventing hepatitis C virus infection in a mammalian species in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the mammalian species a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound according to any one of claims 1-42.
 47. A method for treating or preventing hepatitis B virus infection in a mammalian species in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the mammalian species a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound according to any one of claims 1-42.
 48. A method for treating or preventing HIV infection in a mammalian species in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the mammalian species a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound according to any one of claims 1-42.
 49. A method for inhibiting a cyclophilin in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administrating to said subject an effective cyclophilin-inhibiting amount of at least one compound according to any one of claims 1-42.
 50. A method for treating or preventing diseases that are mediated by cyclophilins in a mammalian species in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the mammalian species a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound according to any one of claims 1-42.
 51. A method for treating or preventing diseases in a mammalian species in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the mammalian species a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound according to any one of claims 1-42, wherein the diseases are selected from inflammation, respiratory inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, and dry eye.
 52. A method for treating or preventing diseases in a mammalian species in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the mammalian species a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound according to any one of claims 1-42, wherein the diseases are selected from neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's Diseases, and ALS; traumatic brain injury; stroke; ischemia-reperfusion injury in the brain, heart, kidney, and myocardial infarction.
 53. A method for treating or preventing diseases in a mammalian species in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the mammalian species a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound according to any one of claims 1-42, wherein the diseases are selected from cardiovascular diseases, vascular stenosis, atherosclerosis, abdominal aortic aneurysms, cardiac hypertrophy, aortic rupture, pulmonary arterial hypertension, myocarditis and myocardial fibrosis, and ischaemic heart diseases.
 54. A method for treating or preventing diseases or conditions in a mammalian species in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the mammalian species a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound according to any one of claims 1-42, wherein the diseases or conditions are selected from cancer, obesity, diabetes, muscular dystrophy, and hair loss. 